THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


ACO 


3983 


K-O 


BULLETIN  NO.  25 
/^BUREAU  OF  BUSINESS  RESEARCH 


LABOR  TERMINOLOGY 


CAMBRIDGE 

1921 


COPYRIGHT,    1921 

BUREAU  OF  BUSINESS  RESEARCH 

HARVARD    UNIVERSITY 


,,WF.^S1TY  OF  SOUTHtRN  CALiror.MiA  UBR^W 


HP 

HIM 


FOREWORD 


In  the  adjustment  of  labor  relations  many  disputes 
develop  because  of  verbal  misunderstandings.  There  are 
many  terms,  such  as  union  shop,  non-union  shop,  and 
open  shop,  that  are  used  constantly  but  w^ith  no  precise 
meaning.  At  least,  they  are  used  with  different  meanings 
by  employers  and  employees.  While  labor  problems  can- 
not be  eliminated  by  a  clear  definition  of  the  issues,  it  is 
probably  true  that  the  solution  will  be  simplified  if  in 
dealing  with  organized  labor,  for  example,  the  employers 
know  with  some  accuracy  what  meaning  is  attached  by 
members  of  labor  unions  to  the  words  and  phrases  which 
they  use. 

In  such  a  large  and  controversial  field,  it  is,  of  course, 
quite  impossible  to  frame  universal  definitions  that  will 
be  satisfactory  to  all  parties  concerned.  It  is  necessary, 
as  a  practical  matter,  to  take  one  point  of  view  at  a  time, 
and  define  the  terms  from  that  standpoint.  This  bulletin 
does  not  aim  to  present  the  viewpoint  of  employers  or 
unorganized  labor,  but  to  give  definite  meanings  to  terms 
used  by  labor  union  members  in  order  to  assist  employers 
and  prospective  employers  to  understand  the  organized 
labor  point  of  view. 

The  bulletin  will  be  used  in  teaching  in  the  Harvard 
Graduate  iSchool  of  Business  Administration  when  prob- 
lems involving  relations  with  labor  unions  are  under  dis- 
cussion. The  students  in  the  School  are  in  training  for 
positions  that  eventually  will  result  in  their  becoming 
employers. 

The  bulletin  has  been  rendered  possible  by  the  readi- 
ness and  courtesy  of  union  labor  officials  in  answering 
questions  and  in  furnishing  official  documents.     Early  in 


3011686 


the  work,  letters  were  sent  to  the  offices  of  all  national  and 
international  unions  asking  for  copies  of  constitutions, 
proceedings  of  conventions,  and  trade  agreements.  The 
response  was  most  gratifying  and  the  Bureau  appreciates 
it.  The  meaning  of  official  documents,  furthermore,  has 
been  clarified  by  means  of  personal  interviews  and  per- 
sonal correspondence. 

The  terms  defined  are,  for  the  most  part,  those  that 
apply  in  a  broad  sense  to  numerous  industries  rather  than 
in  a  technical  sense  to  a  single  industry.  For  several 
industries,  such  as  the  mining  industry,  the  needle  trades, 
and  the  railroads,  the  more  important  labor  unions  have 
been  listed.  Up  to  the  present  time  the  Bureau  has  not 
collected  the  necessary  information  for  giving  similar 
lists  of  unions  in  other  industries.  It  may  be  found 
advisable  for  the  Bureau  to  carry  this  part  of  its  investiga- 
tion further. 

This  bulletin  represents  a  first  venture  into  a  large  and 
difficult  field.  It  undoubtedly  bears  the  crudities  and 
defects  incident  to  all  pioneering.  Some  definitions  may 
appear  ambiguous ;  others  may  omit  alternative  uses  of 
certain  terms ;  and  in  many  cases  terms  have  probably 
been  overlooked  that  should  have  been  included.  It  is 
requested  that  readers  call  our  attention  to  such  cases 
and  cooperate  in  the  work  of  improvement  and  revision. 

Much  of  the  woik  in  the  actual  formulation  of  these 
definitions  has  been  performed  by  Mr.  Harry  F.  Bruning 
of  the  stafT  of  the  Bureau  of  Business  Research,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  David  W.  Benjamin,  a  member  of  the 
Cigar  Makers*  International  Union  of  America  and 
former  conciliator  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Labor. 

Melvin  T.  Copeland, 

Director. 


LABOR  TERMINOLOGY 

Absentee  Control — Control  of  the  executive  policies  of 
a  business  by  persons  who  do  not  have  frequent  personal 
contact  with  managers  and  employees. 

Affiliation — 1.  The  act  of  one  labor  organization  in 
becoming  a  constituent  part  of  a  larger  labor  organiza- 
tion, at  the  same  time  maintaining  some  degree  of 
autonomy.  A  local  union,  for  example,  may  be  affiliated 
with  an  allied  trades  council,  a  city  central  body,  a  state 
federation,  a  national  or  international  union,  or  directly 
with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor;  likewise  an 
allied  trades  council,  a  city  central  body,  a  state  federa- 
tion, or  a  national  or  international  union  may  be  affiliated 
with  the  next  higher  unit  of  organization. 

2.  The  act  of  an  employers'  association  in  becoming  a 
constituent  part  of  a  larger  employers'  association  or 
group  of  employers'  associations. 

Agreement,  See  Trade  Agreement. 

Allied  Trades  Council — ^An  organization  of  local  unions 
in  allied  trades  in  one  town  or  locality,  as  for  example, 
The  Allied  Building  Trades  Council,  The  Allied  Printing 
Trades  Council,  and  The  Metal  Trades  Council.  There 
were  682  allied  trades  councils  affiliated  with  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor  in  1920.^  These  are  sometimes 
known  as  local  department  councils  because  of  affiliation 
with  departments  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

Allowance — Compensation  to  an  employee  engaged  on 
piece  work,  when  his  regular  earnings  are  reduced  by  a 
lack  of  steady,  continuous  work  due  to  shortage  of  mate- 

^  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention  of 
the  American  Federatioti  of  Labor,  1920;  p.  29. 


rials,  faulty  planning,  or  analogous  causes,  or  when  an 
employee  is  called  upon  to  perform  odd  or  pickup  work. 
The  amount  of  allowance  ordinarily  is  the  difference 
between  the  actual  earnings  at  the  piece  rate  on  that  day 
and  the  average  earnings  during  a  previous  period,  such 
as  the  preceding  three  days. 

Amalgamation — The  merger  of  two  or  more  local, 
national,  or  international  unions  into  a  single  organiza- 
tion. 

American  Federation  of  Labor — An  association  of 
national  and  international  trade  and  industrial  unions, 
the  members  of  which  ordinarily  are  skilled  laborers. 
The  purposes  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  as 
outlined  in  its  constitution  are : 

Sec.  II.  The  object  of  this  Federation  shall  be  the  encourage- 
ment and  formation  of  local  Trade  and  Labor  Unions,  and  the 
closer  federation  of  such  societies  through  the  organization  of 
Central  Trade  and  Labor  Unions  in  every  city,  and  the  further 
combination  of  such  bodies  into  State,  Territorial,  or  Provincial 
organizations  to  secure  legislation  in  the  interest  of  the  working 
masses. 

Sec.  2.  The  establishment  of  National  and  International  Trade 
Unions,  based  upon  a  strict  recognition  of  the  autonomy  of  each 
trade,  and  the  promotion  and  advancement  of  such  bodies. 

Sec.  3.  The  establishment  of  Departments  composed  of  National 
or  International  Unions  affiliated  with  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  of  the  same  industry,  and  which  Departments  shall  be 
governed  in  conformity  with  the  laws  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor. 

Sec.  4.  An  American  Federation  of  all  National  and  Interna- 
tional Trade  Unions,  to  aid  and  assist  each  other ;  to  aid  and  en- 
courage the  sale  of  union  label  goods,  and  to  secure  legislation  in 
the  interest  of  the  working  people,  and  influence  public  opinion,  by 
peaceful  and  legal  methods,  in  favor  of  organized  labor. 

Sec.  5.     To  aid  and  encourage  the  labor  press  of  America. 
(Cnuslilutiot  of  the  American  Pcdcrnlion  of  Labor,  19JO) 


The  American  Federation  of  Labor,  April  1,  1920/  con- 
sisted of  5  departments,  110  national  and  international 
unions,  46  state  federations,  926  city  central  bodies,  and 
682  local  department  councils.  There  were  36,741  local 
unions  affiliated  with  the  national  and  international 
unions,  and  1,286  local  trade  and  federal  labor  unions 
affiliated  directly  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 
The  membership  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
April,  1920,  was  4,302,148. 

The  five  departments  into  which  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  is  divided  are  Building  Trades,  Metal 
Trades,  Mining,  Railway  Employees,  and  Union  Label 
Trades.  Each  department  includes  the  national  and  in- 
ternational unions  in  closely  allied  trades  or  crafts.  The 
Building  Trades  Department,  for  example,  for  the  fiscal 
year  ending  March  31,  1920,  consisted  of  17  national  and 
international  unions  engaged  in  the  erection,  repair,  or 
alteration  of  buildings,  and  was  subdivided  into  348 
affiliated  local  councils  and  7  state  organizations.  It  had 
a  total  membership  of  803,920.  The  function  of  a  depart- 
ment is  the  consideration  of  interunion  matters  that  con- 
cern the  members  as  an  industrial  group,  with  particular 
reference  to  jurisdictional  disputes.  Any  affiliated  organ- 
ization may  appeal  from  a  decision  of  a  department  to 
the  Executive  Council  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  and  from  the  Executive  Council  to  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  Convention,  which  is  the  court  of 
last  resort. 

Anti-Union  Shop,  See  Non-Union  Shop. 

Apprentice — 1.  A  minor  or  other  employee  who  con- 
tracts to  work  for  a  definite  period  of  time  in  order  that 
he  may  learn  a  trade.     Rules  for  the  regulation  of  the 

^Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  p.  22  and  p.  27. 


8 

terms  of  apprenticeship  in  their  crafts  are  established  by 
some  labor  unions. 

2.     Sometimes  broadly  applied  to  any  learner. 

Arbitration — A  method  of  settling  a  controversy 
through  hearings  and  decision  by  an  agency  mutually 
agreed  upon  by  employer  and  employees,  such  as  an  um- 
pire, a  committee,  or  a  board. 

The  trade  agreements  between  the  American  News- 
paper Publishers'  Association  and  the  Typographical, 
Stereotypers',  Pressmen's  and  Photo-Engravers'  Unions 
provide  for  the  submission  of  all  differences  to  arbitration 
boards.  A  local  arbitration  board  consists  of  five  mem- 
bers residing  in  the  city  in  which  the  controversy  takes 
place.  Two  members  are  chosen  by  each  party.  The  fifth 
member  is  chosen  by  these  four.  An  appeal  may  be  taken 
from  the  local  board  to  the  national  board.  A  national 
arbitration  board  consists  of  three  members  of  the  Execu- 
tive Board  of  the  National  Union  and  three  members  of 
the  Special  Standing  Committee  of  the  American  News- 
paper Publishers'  Association ;  in  event  of  disagreement, 
they  are  empowered  to  select  a  seventh  member  by  unani- 
mous vote.  The  decision  of  a  national  arbitration  board 
is  final.    This  illustrates  one  method  of  arbitration. 

Assistance  Fund,  See  Strike  Fund. 

Autonomy,  See  Trade  Autonomy. 

Average  Earnings,  See  Earnings. 

Award — Terms  for  the  settlement  of  a  dispute  or  griev- 
ance fixed  by  a  board  of  arbitration  or  by  an  umpire. 

Back  Pay — Compensation  for  work  performed  prior  to 
the  current  pay-roll  jieriod.     See  Wage. 

Bargaining,  See  Collective  Bargaining;  Individual  Bar- 
gaining. 

Benefit — 1.     A  payment  by  a  local  or  national  union  to 


a  member  whose  earning  power  has  been  impaired  tem- 
porarily or  permanently  by  accident,  sickness,  old  age, 
strike,  or  unemployment,  or  to  the  widow  or  heirs  of  a 
deceased  member. 

The  total  benefits  paid  by  the  national  and  international 
unions  affiliated  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
during  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  31,  1920,^  were  as 
follows: — strike  benefits  $3,347,143.31;  death  benefits 
$3,187,773.30;  sick  and  accident  benefits  $937,219.25;  out- 
of-work  benefits  $65,026.42;  old  age  and  relief  benefits 
$728,115.00.  In  addition  to  the  benefits  paid  by  the 
national  unions  many  of  the  local  unions  provided  death, 
sick,  and  out-of-work  benefits  for  their  members. 

2.  A  payment  to  an  employee  or  his  family,  because 
of  accident,  sickness,  or  death.  In  some  cases  such  ben- 
efits are  paid  by  the  employer,  in  others  by  a  mutual 
benefit  association  established  either  by  the  employees 
of  a  company  or  by  an  employer  and  employees  jointly. 
For  example,  in  1919  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation 
paid  accident  benefits  of  $4,267,355.00;  the  American 
Sugar  Refining  Company  paid  sick  and  injury  benefits 
of  $25,697.00;  the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph 
Company  paid  sick  benefits  of  $1,754,189.00,  accident 
benefits  $635,359.00,  death  benefits  $262,861.00,  and 
in  addition  gave  financial  assistance  amounting  to 
$246,054.00  for  cases  of  disability  that  did  not  come 
wholly  within  the  provisions  of  its  Employees'  Benefits 
Plan.  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  paid  in  death 
and  disablement  benefits  and  superannuation  allowances 
$2,735,848.00. 

See,  also,  Anice  L.  Whitney :  "Establishment  of  Disability  Funds, 
Pension  Funds,  and  Group  Insurance  for  Employees." — Monthly 
Labor  Review,  Vol.  VI,  No.  2,  February,  1918 ;  p.  192. 

*  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  p.  39  and  p.  42. 


10 

Blacklist — A  list  or  communication  furnished  by  one 
employer  to  another,  either  upon  his  own  initiative  or  by 
previous  understanding,  to  indicate  specifically  or  by  in- 
ference that  the  worker  or  workers  named  should  not  be 
given  employment. 

See  Boycott. 

Board  of  Adjustment — 1.  A  board  established  by  a 
labor  union  to  adjust  internal  union  disputes. 

2.  A  board  established  by  employers  and  employees 
jointly  to  adjust  grievances. 

Bonus — Compensation  to  an  employee  or  group  of  em- 
ployees in  addition  to  wages,  according  to  a  specific  plan 
announced  in  advance,  for  production  greater  than  a 
stated  quantity,  prevention  of  waste,  regularity  in  attend- 
ance, or  other  reasons.  If  such  payment  is  not  in  accord- 
ance with  a  specific  plan  announced  in  advance,  it  is  not 
a  bonus  but  a  gratuity. 

See  Premium  System ;  Profit  Sharing ;  Task  and  Bonus 
System. 

Boring  from  Within — The  practice  of  undermining  the 
membership  of  a  labor  organization  or  of  inducing  a 
change  in  the  labor  policy  in  a  single  plant,  by  placing 
agents  inside  the  ranks  to  spread  hostile  propaganda 
through  personal  contact  with  coworkers. 

Boycott — An  organized  effort  on  the  part  of  one  or 
more  groups  of  employees  or  unions  to  restrict  the  mar- 
ket of  an  employer  in  the  purchase  or  sale  of  raw  mate- 
rials or  finished  products.  The  boycott  ordinarily  takes 
the  form  of  a  refusal  by  union  members  to  buy  merchan- 
dise made  or  sold  in  a  non-union  shop,  to  produce  mate- 
rials that  are  to  be  used  later  by  non-union  workers,  to 
work  on  material  that  has  l)cen  made  in  a  non-union  shop, 
to  transport  non-union  products,  or  to  buy  any  merchan- 


II 


disc  whatsoever  from  a  merchant  who  handles  any  boy- 
cotted article.  Attempts  also  may  be  made  to  induce 
others  who  are  not  participants  in  the  dispute  to  refrain 
from  patronizing  an  employer  or  a  merchant  against 
whom  a  boycott  has  been  declared. 

A  primary  boycott  is  one  in  which  the  employees  or 
unions  involved  in  the  controversy  cease  to  purchase  the 
products  of  a  boycotted  employer.  A  secondary  boycott 
is  one  in  which  an  active  attempt  is  made  to  induce 
patrons  of  a  boycotted  employer,  such  as  manufacturers 
or  merchants,  not  participants  in  the  dispute,  to  with- 
hold or  withdraw  patronage  from  the  employer  against 
whom  the  boycott  has  been  declared. 

A  boycott  ordinarily  may  be  declared  by  a  local  union 
or  central  labor  union  without  seeking  the  sanction  of 
the  national  or  international  union  with  which  the  local 
union  is  affiliated. 

The  Constitution  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
however,  provides : 

No  Central  Labor  Union,  or  other  central  body  of  delegates,  shall 
have  authority  or  power  to  originate  a  boycott,  nor  shall  such  bodies 
indorse  and  order  the  placing  of  the  name  of  any  person,  firm,  or 
corporation  on  an  unfair  list  until  the  Local  Union  desiring  the 
same  has,  before  declaring  the  boycott,  submitted  the  matter  in  dis- 
pute to  the  Central  Body  for  investigation,  and  has  made  the  best 
endeavors  on  its  part  to  effect  an  amicable  settlement.  Violation  of 
this  section  shall  forfeit  charter.  (.Constitution  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor,  1920) 

Brotherhood,  See  National  or  International  Union. 

Building  Trades'  Unions — Among  the  workmen  who 
are  engaged  in  the  erection,  repair,  and  maintenance  of 
buildings,  the  following  national  and  international  trade 
unions  are  represented : 


Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership  ^ 

1920 

United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of 
America  331,500 

Brotherhood  of  Painters,  Decorators  and  Paper- 
hangers  of  America 103,100 

Bricklayers',  Masons',  and  Plasterers'  Interna- 
tional Union  of  America 70,000 

International  Union  of  Wood,  Wire  and  Metal 

Lathers    59,000 

International  Hodcarriers',  Building  and  Com- 
mon Laborers'  Union  of  America 42,000 

International  Association  of  Bridge,  Structural 

and  Ornamental  Iron  Workers 24,200 

Operative  Plasterers'  and  Cement  Finishers' 
International  Association  of  United  States  and 
Canada  19,400 

Granite  Cutters'  International  Association  of 
America  10,500 

Journeymen  Stonecutters'  Association  of  North 

America  4,000 

International  Union  of  Elevator  Constructors.  .        3,100 

International  Association  of  Heat  and  Frost  In- 
sulators and  Asbestos  Workers  2,200 

United   Slate,  Tile  and   Composition,   Roofers', 

Damp  and  Waterproof  Workers'  Association        1,800 

International  Association  of  Marble,  Slate  and 

Stone  Polishers,  Rubbers  and  Sawyers 1,200 

The   total   membership   for   the    following   unions   in- 
cludes not  only  workmen  engaged  in  the  building  trades 

but  also  in  other  industries : 

^Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  I-cderation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


13 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership* 

1920 
International  Brotherhood  of  Electrical  Workers    139,200 
International    Union   of    Steam    and    Operating 

Engineers    32,000 

United  Association  of  Plumbers  and  Steamfitters 

of  United  States  and  Canada 32,000 

Amalgamated    Sheet    Metal    Workers'    Interna- 
tional Alliance  21,800 

Business  Agent,  See  Walking  Delegate. 
Ca'Canny,  See  Soldiering. 

Capital — 1.  The  physical  equipment  used  in  operating 
a  plant,  such  as  machinery,  buildings,  materials,  and  mer- 
chandise. As  measured  in  value,  capital  includes  the 
owner's  net  investment  and  also  funds  borrowed  or  debts 
incurred  for  operating  the  business.  In  its  accounting 
systems  for  mercantile  businesses  the  Harvard  Bureau 
of  Business  Research  defines  the  owner's  capital  as  "the 
sum  of  the  assets  less  the  sum  of  the  liabilities  to  out- 
siders (not  including  capital  stock  or  surplus  of  a  cor- 
poration or  undivided  profits).  The  assets  include  cash, 
merchandise  on  hand,  equipment  at  depreciated  value, 
notes  and  accounts  receivable,  and  prepayments  such  as 
prepaid  insurance.  Good-will  is  not  included,  unless  pur- 
chased outright.  The  liabilities  include  notes  and  ac- 
counts payable  and  accrued  items  such  as  unpaid  taxes. 
A  corporation  determines  its  net  investment  in  the  same 
way  as  a  proprietorship  or  a  partnership,  irrespective  of 
the  amount  of  capital  stock  issued.  The  capital  stock 
authorized  may  or  may  not  equal  the  net  investment." 

(Bureau  of    Business   Research,  Harvard   University,   System   of 

^Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


14 

Accounts  for  Retail  Grocers.  Bulletin  No.  3,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  2, 
May,  1917;  P-  14) 

2.  The  employing  class  which  represents  the  owner- 
ship of  means  of  production. 

Central  Labor  Union — A  federation  of  local  unions  in 
one  city  for  joint  action  on  matters  of  common  interest. 
A  central  labor  union  acts  as  a  clearing  house  for  the 
discussion  of  matters  of  mutual  interest  to  its  members 
and  encourages  the  organization  of  workers.  It  also 
may  establish  educational  institutions,  maintain  a  com- 
mittee to  promote  legislation  favorable  to  organized 
labor,  and  maintain  a  union  label  section  to  encourage 
the  sale  of  union  label  products.  Ordinarily  a  central 
labor  union  does  not  have  jurisdiction  over  matters  in- 
volving trade  autonomy  such  as  the  ordering  of  a  strike, 
the  initiating  of  a  boycott,  or  the  negotiating  of  a  trade 
agreement. 

Charter — A  certificate  of  affiliation  granted  to  a  sub- 
sidiary body  to  establish  its  constitutional  rights,  duties, 
and  privileges.  For  example,  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor  grants  charters  to  national  and  international 
unions,  state  federations,  central  labor  unions,  district 
councils,  and  federal  local  unions;  similarly,  a  national 
union  grants  charters  to  local  unions.  The  following  is 
the  charter  of  affiliation  granted  to  an  international  union 
by  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  in  1919: 

AMERICAN 

FEDERATION  OF  LABOR 

Doth  Grant  this 

CERTIFICATE  OF  AFFILIATION 

To   


IS 

and  to  their  successors  legally  qualified  to  constitute  the  Union 
herein  named  and  known  under  the  title  of 

for  the  purpose  of  a  thorough  organization  of  the  trade,  and  a 
more  perfect  Federation  of  all  TRADES  AND  LABOR  UNIONS. 
And  the  Union  being  duly  formed,  is  empowered  and  authorized  to 
initiate  into  its  membership  any  person  or  persons  in  accordance 
with  its  own  laws.  And  to  conduct  the  business  affairs  of  said  Union 
in  compliance  with  the  best  interests  of  the  trade  and  labor  in 
general.  The  autonomy  of  the  Union  is  hereby  ordained  and 
secured. 

PROVIDED,  That  the  said  Union  do  conform  to  the  Constitu- 
tion, Laws,  Rules  and  Regulations  of  the  AMERICAN  FEDERA- 
TION OF  LABOR,  and  in  default  thereof,  or  any  part,  this  Cer- 
tificate of  Affiliation  may  be  suspended  or  revoked  according  to  the 

laws  of  this  FEDERATION.    And  should  the  said 

be  dissolved,  suspended  or  forfeit  this  Certificate  of  Affiliation,  then 
the  persons  to  whom  this  Certificate  of  Affiliation  is  granted,  or  their 
successors,  bind  themselves  to  surrender  the  same  with  such  other 
property  as  shall  properly  belong  to  this  FEDERATION.  And 
further,  in  consideration  of  the  due  performance  of  the  above,  the 
AMERICAN  FEDERATION  OF  LABOR 

does  hereby  bind  itself  to  support  the  said  

in  the  exercise  of  all  its  rights,  privileges  and  autonomy  as  an 
affiliated  Union. 

In  Witness  Whereof,  We  have  subscribed  our  Names  and  affixed 

the  seal  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  this 

day  of   

(Atnerican  Federation  of  Labor,  History,  Encyclopedia  and 
Reference  Book,  p.  48) 

Check-off  System — An  agreement  between  an  em- 
ployer and  a  union  by  which  fines,  dues,  and  assessments 
of  members  of  the  union  are  deducted  from  their  earnings 
and  paid  by  the  employer  to  the  union  collector. 

Check-ofT.  This  contract  is  made  and  entered  into  for  the  sole 
use  of  the  members  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  and 
the  members  of  the  Western  Canada  Coal  Operators'  Association. 
All  men  who  work  in  and  around  the  mines  who  are  eligible  to 
become  members  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  shall  join 


'i6 

that  organization  and  agree  to  sign  check  off  for  all  dues,  assess- 
ments, and  fines,  and  the  management  of  the  mines  agree  to  forward 
deductions  made  to  the  acting  secretary  of  the  district  or  such  other 
person  as  that  official  may  designate.  (Agreement  between  Dis- 
trict No.  i8  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  and  the  Western 
Canada  Coal  Operators'  Association,  July  20,  1920. — Monthly  Labor 
Review,  Vol.  XI,  No.  5,  November,  1920;  p.  148) 

Classification  of  Workers — The  grouping  of  workers 
according  to  the  grades  and  kinds  of  work  performed,  to 
provide  a  basis  for  fixing  the  scale  of  wages.  The  class- 
ification of  workers  may  be  made  by  the  employer,  by  a 
labor  union,  by  mutual  agreement  between  employer  and 
employees,  or  by  an  arbitration  board. 

Clearance  Card,  See  Transfer  Card. 

Closed  Shop — A  plant  in  which  only  union  members 
are  employed  in  those  crafts  or  occupations  for  which 
labor  unions  have  been  organized  in  the  district  in  which 
the  plant  is  located. 

One  trade  agreement  contains  the  following  provisions 
for  creating  a  closed  shop : 

Each  member  of  the  Association  will  employ  none  but  members 
in  good  standing  of  the  local  unions  above  mentioned.  ...  A 
member  in  good  standing  is  one  who  is  fully  paid  up  or  who  is  in 
arrears  for  not  more  than  two  months  of  dues  and  assessments  in 
the  International  Ladies'  Garment  Workers'  Union  and  who  carries 
a  union  membership  card.     .     .     . 

The  Association  agrees  that  none  of  its  members  will  engage  any 
workers  except  such  as  will  present  union  working  cards,  directing 
them  to  the  particular  place  of  business  of  the  member.  Upon 
request  of  the  union  the  member  of  the  Association  will  dispense 
with  the  services  of  any  or  all  workers  in  his  employ,  in  which  event, 
however,  the  member  shall  be  given  an  opportunity  to  retain  the 
workers  until  they  have  finished  the  work  in  hand.  The  union  un- 
(liTlakos  to  furnish  other  workers  for  said  firm.  (Agreement 
between  the  International  Ladies'  Garment  Workers'  Union  and  the 
American  Cloak,  Suit  and  Skirt  Manufacturers'  Association,  June, 
igig.— Monthly  Labor  Review,  Vol.  IX,  No.  6,  December,  1919; 
p.  .S6) 


17 

See,  also,  F.  T,  Stockton :    "The  Closed  Shop  in  American  Trade 

Unions." — Johns    Hopkins    University    Studies    in    Historical    and 
Political  Science,  29th  Series,  No.  3,  191 1. 
See,  also,  Non-Union  Shop. 

Clothing  Workers'  Unions,  See  Needle  Trades'  Unions. 

Collective  Bargaining — The  negotiation  of  a  trade 
agreement  between  one  or  more  employers  and  one  or 
more  groups  of  employees  acting  collectively  through 
representatives  chosen  by  the  respective  parties. 

The  term  collective  bargaining  occasionally  is  applied 
to  negotiations  between  an  employer  and  representatives 
of  the  employees  in  his  plant  who  are  organized,  usually 
under  a  shop  committee  system,  with  no  outside  affilia- 
tions. By  labor  union  members,  the  term  is  applied  only 
to  negotiations  between  one  or  more  employers  and 
representatives  of  a  local  or  national  labor  union  who  may 
or  may  not  be  employed  in  the  plant  afifected. 

Company  Men — 1.  Employees  who  are  looked  upon 
by  some  of  their  fellow  workers  as  favoring  too  strongly 
the  interests  of  the  employer. 

2.  A  term  applied  by  union  members  to  men  who  are 
engaged  or  suspected  to  be  engaged  by  the  employer  for 
espionage ;  sometimes  referred  to  ironically  as  "loyal 
workers." 

3.  Salaried  employees. 

Company  Union,  See  Shop  Committee  System. 

Competitive  Wage  Bargaining — Bargaining  between 
an  employer  and  employees,  individually  or  collectively, 
without  regard  to  a  standard  rate  of  wages. 

Compulsory  Adjudication — The  enforced  settlement  of 
a  labor  dispute,  ordinarily  by  an  agency  established  by 
an  act  of  legislature. 

The  Act  creating  the  Court  of  Industrial  Relations  in 


i8 

Kansas,    approved   January   23,    1920,    provides,    among 
other  things : 

Chapter  29,  Sec.  7.  In  case  of  a  controversy  arising  between  em- 
ployers and  workers,  or  between  groups  or  crafts  of  workers, 
engaged  in  any  of  said  industries,  employments,  public  utilities,  or 
common  carriers,  if  it  shall  appear  to  said  Court  of  Industrial  Rela- 
tions that  said  controversy  may  endanger  the  continuity  or  efficiency 
of  service  of  any  of  said  industries,  employments,  public  utilities  or 
common  carriers,  or  affect  the  production  or  transportation  of  the 
necessaries  of  life  affected  or  produced  by  said  industries  or  em- 
ployments, or  produce  industrial  strife,  disorder  or  waste,  or 
endanger  the  orderly  operation  of  such  industries,  employments, 
public  utilities  or  common  carriers,  and  thereby  endanger  the  public 
peace  or  threaten  the  public  health,  full  power,  authority  and  juris- 
diction are  hereby  granted  to  said  Court  of  Industrial  Relations, 
upon  its  own  initiative,  to  summon  all  necessary  parties  before  it 
and  to  investigate  said  controversy,  and  to  make  such  temporary 
findings  and  orders  as  may  be  necessary  to  preserve  the  public 
peace  and  welfare  and  to  preserve  and  protect  the  status  of  the 
parties,  property  and  public  interests  involved  pending  said  in- 
vestigations, and  to  take  evidence  and  to  examine  all  necessary 
records,  and  to  investigate  conditions  surrounding  the  workers, 
and  to  consider  the  wages  paid  to  labor  and  the  return  accruing  to 
capital,  and  the  rights  and  welfare  of  the  public,  and  all  other  mat- 
ters affecting  the  conduct  of  said  industries,  employments,  public 
utilities  or  common  carriers,  and  to  settle  and  adjust  all  such  con- 
troversies by  such  findings  and  orders  as  provided  in  this  act.  It 
is  further  made  the  duty  of  said  Court  of  Industrial  Relations  upon 
complaint  of  either  party  to  such  controversy,  or  upon  complaint  of 
any  ten  citizen  taxpayers  of  the  community  in  which  such  industries, 
employments,  public  utilities  or  common  carriers  are  located,  or 
upon  the  complaint  of  the  attorney-general  of  the  State  of  Kansas, 
if  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  to  said  court  that  the  parties  are  unable 
to  agree  and  that  such  controversy  may  endanger  the  continuity 
or  efficiency  of  service  of  any  of  said  industries,  employments, 
public  utilities  or  common  carriers,  or  affect  the  production  or 
transportation  of  the  necessaries  of  life  affected  or  produced  by 
said  industries  or  employments,  or  produce  industrial  strife,  disorder 
or  waste,  or  endanger  the  orderly  operation  of  such  industries,  em- 


19 

ployments,  public  utilities  or  common  carriers,  and  thereby  endanger 
the  public  peace  or  threaten  the  public  health,  to  proceed  and  in- 
vestigate and  determine  said  controversy  in  the  same  manner  as 
though  upon  its  own  initiative.  After  the  conclusion  of  any  such 
liearing  and  investigation,  and  as  expeditiously  as  possible,  said 
Court  of  Industrial  Relations  shall  make  and  serve  upon  all  in- 
terested parties  its  findings,  stating  specifically  the  terms  and  con- 
ditions upon  which  said  industry,  employment,  utility  or  common 
carrier  should  be  thereafter  conducted  insofar  as  the  matters 
determined  by  said  court  are  concerned. 

Sec.  i8.  Any  person  wilfully  violating  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  or  any  valid  order  of  said  Court  of  Industrial  Relations,  shall 
be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  convittion  thereof 
in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  of  this  state  shall  be  punished 
by  a  fine  of  not  to  exceed  $1000  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county 
jail  for  a  period  of  not  to  exceed  one  year,  or  by  both  such  fine 
and  imprisonment. 

Compulsory  Arbitration,  See  Compulsory  Adjudica- 
tion. 

Conciliation,  See  Mediation. 

Conditions  of  Labor — Wages,  methods  of  wage  pay- 
ment, hours  of  labor,  and  other  conditions  such  as  meal 
hours,  rest  hours,  sanitation,  stipulations  as  to  quantity 
of  production,  stated  periods  of  employment,  rights  of 
seniority,  and  regulations  regarding  apprentices,  learners, 
and  helpers. 

Continuity  of  Production — The  continual  operation  of 
a  plant  at  full  capacity,  particularly  in  order  to  avoid 
periods  of  unemployment. 

Contract  at  Will — An  agreement  between  an  employer 
and  an  employee  or  group  of  employees  that  can  be 
terminated  at  any  time  by  either  party ;  also  called  inde- 
terminate contract. 

Convention — 1.  An  assembly  of  delegates  represent- 
ing the  membership  of  a  labor  organization. 


20 

The  supreme  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  power 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  is  vested  in  the 
delegates  assembled  in  annual  convention,  who  are  elected 
in  accordance  with  the  constitution  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor. 

In  a  national  or  international  union  the  action  of  the 
delegates  assembled  in  convention  ordinarily  is  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  entire  membership  by  referendum 
vote.  A  convention  of  a  national  or  international  union 
generally  is  held  every  one,  two,  or  four  years. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Amalgamated  Clothing  Work- 
ers of  America  provides : 

All  legislative  powers  shall  be  reserved  to  the  Amalgamated 
Clothing  Workers  of  America  duly  convened  in  session ;  except  as 
hereinafter  provided  for,  its  executive  and  judicial  powers,  when 
not  in  session,  shall  be  vested  in  the  General  Executive  Board. 

*  :tt      *      * 

Local  Unions  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  in  conventions 
according  to  the  average  membership  on  which  they  pay  per  capita 
tax  for  the  twenty-four  (24)  months  ending  January  30,  immediately 
preceding  the  convention  on  the  following  basis : 

One  (i)  delegate  for  each  Local  Union  of  one  hundred  (100) 
members  or  less  and  one  (i)  additional  delegate  for  every  addi- 
tional three  hundred  (300)  members.  Local  Unions  having  over 
one  thousand  (1000)  members  shall  send  no  less  than  three  (3) 
delegates  and  one  additional  delegate  for  every  additional  one 
thousand  (1000)  members  or  majority  fraction  thereof.  Each 
delegate  shall  be  entitled  to  one  (i)  vote  for  every  one  hundred 
(io(j)   members  he  represents. 

*  *     *     * 

Delegates  shall  be  elected  at  a  special  meeting  of  their  Local 
Union,  by  l)all()t,  not  later  ihan  March  31,  preceding  the  convention, 
and  a  plurality  vote  siiall  constitute  an  election.  No  person  shall  be 
eligible  to  election  as  a  delegate  unless  a  member  of  the  Amal- 
gamated Clothing  Workers  of  America,  who  shall  have  been  a 
member  in  good  standing  of  the  Local  Union  he  represents  at  least 
one  year  immediately  preceding  the  date  on  which  said  election  is 


21 


held.  At  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner  that  delegates  are 
elected,  there  shall  be  elected  an  equal  number  of  alternates.  In  case 
of  death,  resignation,  inability  or  other  disqualification  of  a  delegate, 
the  alternate  having  the  highest  number  of  votes  at  the  election  shall 
succeed  to  vacancy  and  become  the  delegate,  v^ith  all  the  rights  and 
privileges  thereof.  (Constitution  of  the  Amalgamated  Clothing 
IVorkcrs  of  America,  1920) 

2.  An  assembly  of  members  of  an  employers'  associa- 
tion. 

Convict  Labor,  See  Prison  Labor. 

Craft — An  occupation  in  which  skilled  workers,  such 
as  pattern  makers,  molders,  or  weavers,  are  employed. 

Credit  Union — A  cooperative  banking  institution  or- 
ganized in  accordance  with  a  state  statute  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stimulating  thrift  among  its  members  and  of  mak- 
ing loans  to  members  on  more  favorable  terms  than  can 
be  obtained  elsewhere.  A  credit  union  may  be  organized, 
for  example,  among  the  members  of  a  labor  union,  among 
the  employees  of  an  individual  business  establishment, 
or  among  the  persons  of  one  nationality  living  in  one  city 
or  district.  Examples  of  credit  unions  are  the  Cigar  Fac- 
tory Employees'  Credit  Union  of  Boston  and  the  City  of 
Boston  Employees'  Credit  Union. 

Day,  See  Standard  Time. 

Day  Laborer — An  employee  who  is  engaged  without 
any  obligation  on  the  part  of  the  employer  to  furnish  em- 
ployment for  a  longer  period  of  time  than  one  day. 

Day  Work — 1.  Labor  performed  during  the  normal 
daylight  period. 

2.  Labor  for  which  compensation  is  reckoned  by  the 
day. 

Defense  Fund,  See  Strike  Fund. 

Department  Council,  See  Allied  Trades  Council ; 
American  Federation  of  Labor. 


22 


Differential  Piece  Rate  System — A  method  of  compen- 
sation under  which  two  rates  of  wages  are  used,  a  low 
piece  rate  for  the  workman  who  falls  below  the  standard 
output  and  a  high  piece  rate  for  the  workman  who 
reaches  or  exceeds  the  standard  output.  The  standard 
output  is  established  by  means  of  motion  and  time  studies. 
The  rate  paid  to  the  workman  who  reaches  or  exceeds  the 
standard  output  usually  is  30%  to  100%  higher  than  the 
average  wage  in  the  trade. 

Direct  Action — 1.  Action,  such  as  a  strike,  that  is 
initiated  by  a  local  union  or  by  part  of  its  members 
without  reference  to  the  provisions  of  the  constitution  of 
the  national  or  international  union  with  which  it  is 
affiliated. 

2.  Used  by  employers  with  reference  to  any  strike  or 
other  coercive  acts  by  employees. 

Disability  Benefit,  See  Benefit. 

District  Council — A  federation  of  local  unions  in  the 
same  trade  or  industry  in  a  single  district. 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Car- 
penters and  Joiners  of  America  provides : 

Sec.  26.  Where  there  are  two  or  more  Local  Unions  located 
in  one  city  they  must  be  represented  in  a  Carpenters'  District  Coun- 
cil, composed  exclusively  of  delegates  from  Local  Unions  of  the 
United  Brotherhood,  and  they  shall  be  governed  by  such  Laws  and 
Trade  Rules  as  shall  be  adopted  by  the  District  Council  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Local  Unions  and  the  First  General  Vice-President. 
The  General  President  shall  have  power  to  order  such  Local  Unions, 
as  he  may  deem  in  his  wisdom  for  the  best  interests  of  the  organ- 
ization at  large,  to  affiliate  with  such  District  Council,  as  in  his 
judgment  they  should,  and  to  settle  the  lines  of  jurisdiction  of  such 
District  Council,  subject  to  appeal. 

District  Councils  may  be  formed  in  localities  other  than  in  cities 
where  two  or  more  Local  Unions  in  adjoining  territory  request  it, 
or  when  in  tlic  oi)inion  of  the  General  President  the  good  of  the 


23 

United  Brotherhood  requires  it.  The  District  Council  so  formed 
shall  be  governed  by  the  same  General  Laws  governing  District 
Councils  in  cities. 

District  Councils  shall  have  the  power  to  make  By-Laws,  Work- 
ing and  Trade  Rules  for  the  government  of  the  Local  Unions  and 
the  membership  of  the  United  Brotherhood  working  in  their  dis- 
tricts, which  shall  in  no  way  conflict  with  the  Constitution  and  Laws 
of  the  United  Brotherhood,  State  Council  or  Provincial  Council, 
and  must  be  adopted  by  referendum  vote  of  the  members  and  ap- 
proved by  the  First  General  Vice-President  before  becoming  law, 
and  their  representation  shall  be  according  to  membership. 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  District  Councils  shall  be  as  provided  for 
by  the  Constitution  and  Laws  of  the  United  Brotherhood  and  named 
in  their  charter. 

District  Councils  shall  have  the  power  to  enforce  Working  and 
Trade  Rules  in  their  respective  localities ;  they  cannot  make  arrange- 
ments to  debar  their  members  from  working  for  contractors  or 
bosses  other  than  those  connected  with  the  Bosses'  or  Builders' 
Association.  Nor  shall  they  affiliate  with  any  central  organization 
whose  Constitution  or  By-Laws  conflict  with  those  of  the  United 
Brotherhood.  They  shall  adopt  By-Laws  and  Rules  governing  local, 
strike  and  other  donations,  except  sick  donations,  and  shall  provide 
for  and  hold  trial  of  all  violations  of  Trade  Rules,  and  may  impose 
such  penalty  as  they  may  deem  the  case  requires,  subject  to  an 
appeal  to  the  General  President  and  thence  to  the  General  Executive 
Board,  whose  decisions  shall  be  final. 

By-Laws  and  Trade  Rules  for  the  government  of  the  District 
Council  and  Local  Unions  must  be  submitted  by  the  District  Coun- 
cil to  the  Local  Unions  represented  in  said  district,  and  must  be 
adopted  by  a  majority  of  members  voting,  at  a  special  meeting 
called  therefor,  and  shall  in  no  way  conflict  with  the  Constitution 
and  Laws  of  the  United  Brotherhood. 

Local  Unions  other  than  those  working  on  building  material 
shall  not  have  a  voice,  vote  or  delegate  in  any  District  Council  of 
the  building  tradesmen,  but  may  establish  District  Councils  of  their 
own  under  By-Laws  approved  by  the  First  General  Vice-President. 
Examining  Boards  may  be  established  by  District  Councils  or 
Local  Unions  where  no  District  Council  exists.  They  shall  examine 
candidates  as  to  their  qualifications  for  membership  in  the  United 
Brotherhood  and   must   report   their   findings   on   all   applicants   in 


24 

writing.  The  examinations  shall  consist  of  a  practical  test  in  the 
branch  of  trade  in  which  the  applicant  desires  employment.  (Con- 
stitution and  Laws  of  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and 
Joiners  of  America,  1917) 

Docking  of  Pay — A  deduction  from  wages  as  a  penalty 
for  tardiness,  spoilage  of  work  through  carelessness,  or 
similar  causes. 

Double  Time — Compensation  for  overtime  at  twice  the 
rate  paid  for  standard  time. 

Dual  Unions — Rival  unions  in  the  same  industry,  only 
one  of  which  can  affiliate  with  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor.  The  Boot  and  Shoe  Workers'  Union  and  the 
United  Shoe  Workers  are  dual  unions  in  the  shoe  in- 
dustry. The  United  Garment  Workers  of  America  and 
the  Amalgamated  Clothing  Workers  of  North  America 
are  dual  unions  in  the  men's  clothing  industry. 

Earnings — Daily,  weekly,  monthly  or  yearly  income  of 
an  employee  as  compensation  for  labor  performed. 

Average  earnings  may  be  determined  for  one  worker 
during  a  specified  period  of  time,  for  a  group  of  workers 
in  the  same  occupation,  for  all  the  workers  in  a  group  of 
occupations,  or  for  all  the  workers  in  a  plant  or  industry. 

The  method  by  which  average  earnings  are  computed 
varies  according  to  the  purpose  for  which  the  figures  are 
to  be  used — whether  for  comparison  of  earnings  and  the 
cost  of  living,  for  comparison  of  wages  between  plants, 
for  comparison  of  the  earnings  of  different  occupations, 
or  for  other  purposes.  In  a  wage  dispute  involving  the 
average  earnings  of  all  workers  in  all  occupations  in  one 
plant,  for  example,  the  number  of  workers  and  the  weekly 
earnings  were  api)r(jximately  as  follows  : 


25 

Number  of  Earnings  Total 

Workers  per  Week  Earnings 

2  $75.00  $150.00 

17  50.00  850.00 

140  35.00  4,900.00 

2700  25.00  67,500.00 

400  20.00  8,000.00 

10  15.00  150.00 

The  employers  suggested  that  an  average  of  the  ex- 
tremes— $15.00  and  $75.00— would  show  average  earn- 
ings of  $45.00.  The  employees  took  the  position  that  the 
men  who  received  $75.00  were  employed  in  a  supervisory 
capacity  and  that  those  figures  should  be  excluded  in 
determining  the  average.  The  employees  recommended 
the  use  of  what  is  known  in  statistics  as  the  mode,  which 
showed  $25.00  as  the  average.  The  arbitration  board 
decided  to  divide  the  total  earnings  of  the  whole  group 
by  the  total  number  of  workers ;  this  method  shows  a 
weighted  average  of  $24.95. 

Eight-Hour  Day,  See  Standard  Time. 

Employees'  Representation — An  arrangement  whereby 
representatives  of  employees  confer  with  employers  to 
adjust  conditions  of  labor  and  to  prevent  and  settle 
grievances. 

See  Collective  Bargaining;  Shop  Committee  System. 

Employers'  Association — An  organization  of  employers 
one  purpose  of  which  is  to  deal  with  employees.  In  some 
instances,  one  object  of  an  employers'  association  is  to 
enter  into  agreements  with  labor  unions ;  in  other  in- 
stances, one  of  the  objects  is  to  oppose  bargaining  with 
labor  unions  or  to  maintain  a  system  in  the  industry  of 
negotiating  with  employees  without  reference  to  unions. 

Employment   at   Will — 1.     Employment   that   can   be 


26 

terminated  at  the  option  of  either  an  employer  or  em- 
ployee. 

2.  The  status  of  an  old  and  privileged  union  member 
who  is  exempt  from  observance  of  union  rules  regarding 
conditions  of  labor  or  from  the  payment  of  regular  dues. 

Employment  Manager — An  executive  in  a  plant  who 
ordinarily  has  supervision  over  such  matters  as  the  hiring 
and  discharging  of  employees,  the  terms  of  employment, 
and  the  conditions  of  labor. 

Equal  Pay  for  Equal  Work — Equal  compensation  to  all 
persons  irrespective  of  sex  for  equal  work  performed. 

Espionage — The  act  of  spying  or  of  employing  spies  or 
secret  agents  either  by  employers  or  by  employees. 

Executive  Board  of  a  Labor  Union — A  body  elected  by 
a  labor  union  to  transact  the  business  of  the  union  when 
the  union  is  not  in  convention.  Sometimes  known  as 
General  Executive  Board  or  Executive  Council. 

The  executive  board  of  a  national  or  international  union 
ordinarily  is  nominated  by  the  delegates  at  a  convention 
and  elected  by  the  members  of  the  union ;  in  some  cases 
it  is  elected  directly  by  the  delegates  assembled  in  con- 
vention. 

The  Executive  Council  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  is  elected  by  the  delegates  present  at  the  annual 
convention. 

The  Constitution  of  the  International  Association  of 
Machinists  provides: 

Article  I. 

Government  Between  Conventions. 

Sec.  3.  All  executive  and  judicial  powers  of  the  Grand  Lodge, 
when  not  in  session,  shall  be  vested  in  a  General  Executive  Board, 
which  shall  consist  of  the  International  President,  General  Secre- 
tary-Treasurer and  five  (5)  other  elected  mcnihcrs.  They  shall  have 
the   power   to   initiate   legislation;   before   such   proposed   legislation 


27 

becomes  law  it  shall  be  approved  by  a  vote  of  the  membership  under 
the  referendum  as  otherw^ise  provided  by  this  Constitution. 

*    *    *    * 

Article  V. 

Supervision  and  Salary. 
Sec.  i6.  The  General  Executive  Board  shall  supervise  and  direct 
all  the  affairs  of  the  Association.  They  shall  have  power,  individually 
or  jointly,  to  require  full  and  detailed  statements  from  other  officials 
of  any  business,  financial  or  otherwise,  transacted  on  behalf  of  the 
Association.  They  shall  have  supervision  over  all  other  officials, 
with  power  to  remove  any  officers  for  incompetency,  insubordina- 
tion, negligence  or  unfaithfulness.  Appointments  made  by  the 
International  President  to  fill  vacancies  caused  by  death,  removal 
or  resignation  of  any  officer  between  elections  shall  be  subject  to 
their  approval.  They  shall  retain  the  services  of  a  competent  legal 
adviser  at  an  annual  retaining  fee  of  twelve  hundred  ($1,200)  dol- 
lars. In  co-operation  with  the  Editor  they  shall  have  supervision 
over  all  business  matters  pertaining  to  the  monthly  Journal,  such  as 
the  making  of  contracts  for  advertising,  printing  Journal,  and  mat- 
ters of  like  nature,  as  per  Section  XI  of  Article  V.  They  shall  make 
an  annual  report  to  all  local  lodges,  covering  their  various  duties 
and  decisions  up  to  January  list  of  each  year,  and  they  may  either 
individually  or  jointly  make  official  statements  through  the  Journal 
at  any  other  period  on  matters  connected  with  their  office.  They 
shall  devote  the  whole  of  their  time  to  the  business  of  this  Associa- 
tion ;  but  shall  not  be  eligible  to  any  other  office,  elective  or  ap- 
pointive. They  shall  have  full  privilege  of  delegates  in  convention, 
except  that  of  voting.  For  the  faithful  performance  of  their  duties 
the  members  of  the  General  Executive  Board,  other  than  the  Inter- 
national President  and  the  General  Secretary-Treasurer,  whose 
salaries  are  specified  in  Sections  3  and  8  of  this  article,  shall  receive 
the  sum  of  three  thousand  ($3,000)  dollars  per  year,  payable  weekly, 
railroad  fare  and  hotel  expenses. 

Investing  Funds. 
Sec.  17.  The  General  Executive  Board  shall  deposit  or  invest 
all  moneys  (as  provided  in  Section  7)  in  a  bank  of  deposit  or  other 
institution  of  sound  financial  standing  in  their  own  names  and  that 
of  the  International  President,  so  that  no  amount  can  be  drawn 
therefrom  without  the  signatures  of  the  International  President, 
General  Secretary-Treasurer,  and  one  member  of  this  Board,  and 


28 

the  seal  of  the  Grand  Lodge  attached.  They  shall  have  the  power 
to  withdraw  investments,  or  negotiate  loans  upon  securities  belong- 
ing to  the  International  Association  of  Machinists,  or  to  sell  such 
securities  as  the  needs  of  the  Association  require ;  but  no  with- 
drawals, sales  or  transfers  shall  be  negotiated  without  the  signa- 
tures of  the  International  President  and  the  General  Secretary- 
Treasurer,  together  with  the  signature  of  at  least  one  member  of  the 
General  Executive  Board,  and  the  seal  of  the  Grand  Lodge  attached. 

Decisions  and  Appeals. 

Sec.  i8.  All  decisions  rendered  by  the  International  President 
and  the  General  Executive  Board,  through  correspondence  or  in 
regular  session,  shall  be  published  in  full  upon  the  monthly  financial 
statement  for  the  current  month,  issued  to  all  lodges  by  the  General 
Secretary-Treasurer,  and  all  such  decisions  shall  be  complied  with 
in  full  by  all  parties  concerned,  in  order  to  entitle  them  to  enter 
an  appeal. 

Sec.  19.  Appeals  may  be  taken  from  the  decisions  of  the  Inter- 
national President,  first  to  the  General  Executive  Board,  next  to  a 
convention  or  through  the  referendum  to  the  membership.  In  no 
case  shall  any  member  or  lodge  appeal  to  the  civil  courts  for  redress 
until  they  have  first  exhausted  all  their  rights  of  appeal  under  the 
laws  of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists.  (Constitution 
of  the  Grand  Lodge,  of  District  Lodges,  and  of  Subordinate  Lodges 
of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists,  1918) 

Fair  Day's  Work — 1.  The  quantity  of  work  normally 
performed  by  an  employee  during  a  standard  working 
day,  without  undue  fatigue,  according  to  the  conditions 
of  the  trade  or  plant  in  which  he  is  employed. 

2.  The  standard  estal)lished  by  employees,  either  by 
agreement  or  in  formal  understanding  among  themselves, 
as  constituting  a  rate  of  output  that  cannot  be  exceeded 
without  arousing  the  criticism  of  their  fellow-workers. 

Fatigue  Study — An  investigation  of  the  effects  of  the 
duration  and  other  conditions  of  work  upon  the  physical 
anfl  mental  condition  of  employees. 

(I'liilii)  S.  Florence:  "Use  of  Factory  Statistics  in  the  Investiga- 
tion of  Industrial  Fatigue." — Colniitbia  University  Studies  in  History, 


29 

Economics,  and  Public  Lazv,  Vol.  LXXXI,  No.  3,  Whole  No.  190, 
1918) 

Federal  Labor  Union— A  labor  union  affiliated  directly 
with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  in  a  craft  for 
which  there  is  no  national  or  international  union.  In 
April,  1920/  there  were  1,286  federal  labor  unions  affili- 
ated directly  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor ; 
their  total  membership  was  86,784. 

The  Constitution  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
provides: 

Article  XIV — Miscellaneous. 

Sec.  2.  Seven  wage-workers  of  good  character,  following  any 
trade  or  calling,  who  are  favorable  to  Trade  Unions,  whose  trade 
or  calling  is  not  organized,  and  are  not  members  of  any  body 
affiliated  with  this  Federation,  who  will  subscribe  to  this  Constitu- 
tion, shall  have  the  power  to  form  a  local  body  to  be  known  as  a 
"Federal  Labor  Union,"  and  they  shall  hold  regular  meetings  for 
the  purpose  of  strengthening  and  advancing  the  Trade  Union  move- 
ment, and  shall  have  power  to  make  their  own  rules  in  conformity 
with  this  Constitution,  and  shall  be  granted  a  local  certificate  by 
the  President  of  this  Federation ;  provided,  the  request  for  a  cer- 
tificate be  indorsed  by  the  nearest  Local  or  National  Trade  Union 
officials  connected  with  this  Federation,  but  not  more  than  three 
Federal  Labor  Unions  shall  be  chartered  in  any  one  city.  {Constitu- 
tion of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920) 

Federation — 1.  An  organization  of  labor  unions  with 
a  central  administration  under  which  the  constituent 
members  have  a  substantial  degree  of  self-government. 

2.  A  group  of  employers'  associations  with  a  central 
administrative  organization. 

Floater — A  workman  who  habitually  leaves  one  locality 
to  follow  his  trade  in  another  locality  merely  for  the  sake 
of  variety ;  not  applied  to  a  workman  who  changes  his 

^  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  p.  22. 


30 

locality  or  occupation  because  of  the  seasonal  character 
of  the  industry. 

Full  Capacity — The  maximum  potential  output  of  a 
plant  during  its  regular  working  period. 

Full  Pay — Compensation  to  an  employee  for  full  time 
even  though  he  has  worked  only  part  time  because  of  con- 
ditions in  production  over  which  he  has  no  control. 

Full  Time — Employment  regularly  for  a  standard  day 
or  a  standard  week. 

Gang — A  group  of  workmen  employed  to  perform  an 
allotted  task  jointly. 

Gang  Piecework,  See  Piecework. 

Garment  Workers'  Unions,  See  Needle  Trades'  Unions. 

Garnishment  of  Wages — An  order  issued  by  a  court  to 
an  employer  to  withhold  payment  of  wages  due  an  em- 
ployee pending  the  determination  of  the  claim  of  a  third 
party  against  the  employee. 

Grievance — A  cause  for  dissatisfaction  or  controversy 
regarding  wages,  hours,  or  general  conditions  of  labor. 

Grievance  Committee — -1.  A  committee  established  by 
a  labor  union  to  confer  with  employers  for  the  settlement 
of  grievances  brought  before  it  by  members  of  the  union. 

The  General  Rules  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Railroad 
Trainmen  provide: 

Consideration  of  Grievances. 

No.  5.  Any  member  considering  that  he  has  been  unjustly  dealt 
with  by  his  employer,  or  that  he  is  otherwise  aggrieved,  shall  make 
31  statement  of  the  grievance  in  writing  and  present  the  same  at  a 
meeting  of  the  lodge.  The  lodge  shall  then  determine  by  a  majority 
vote  of  the  mcmlx-rs  present,  empb)yces  of  the  division,  whether  to 
sustain  or  reject  the  grievance.  Should  the  grievance  be  sustained, 
the  lodge  will  then  authorize  either  the  local  chairman  or  the  local 
grievance  committee  to  lay  the  matter  before  the  trainmaster,  super- 
inttiuUnt,  or  (jther  proper  officer,  and  use  every  means  to  effect  a 


31 

satisfactory  settlement,  and  report  his  or  their  action  and  all  things 
pertaining  to  the  case  to  the  lodge.  If  the  result  is  not  satisfactory, 
it  may  be  referred  to  the  general  grievance  committee  for  further 
action.  A  member  or  a  lodge  may  withdraw  a  grievance  placed  in 
the  hands  of  a  general  grievance  committee,  provided  such  action 
is  taken  before  said  grievance  has  been  presented  by  the  general 
grievance  committee  to  the  officer  of  the  company,  but  not  thereafter. 
On  small  systems  where  the  office  of  salaried  chairman  is  main- 
tained, upon  the  request  of  all  lodges  on  such  systems,  the  President 
of  the  Grand  Lodge  may  issue  dispensation  permitting  the  General 
Chairman  to  handle  local  grievance.  {Constitution  and  General 
Rules  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Trainmen,  '1919) 

2.  A  committee  appointed  by  an  employer  or  by  the 
employees  in  a  single  plant  to  advise  regarding  the  settle- 
ment of  grievances. 

Helper — An  experienced  assistant  to  a  journeyman. 

Hours  of  Labor — 1.  The  number  of  hours  agreed  upon 
by  employer  and  employees  as  constituting  a  standard 
working  day  or  standard  working  week.  See  Standard 
Time. 

2.     The  number  of  hours  actually  worked. 

Incorporation  of  Labor  Unions — Vesting  of  labor 
unions  with  corporate  powers  and  the  assumption  by 
them  of  corporate  liabilities.  Several  labor  unions  are 
incorporated  under  state  laws,  but  this  is  not  the  general 
practice. 

Increase  in  Rate  of  Wages,  See  Wage. 

Individual  Bargaining — A  method  whereby  the  condi- 
tions of  labor  are  fixed  by  an  individual  contract  between 
the  employer  and  each  employee.  This  method  is  the 
opposite  of  collective  bargaining  whereby  the  conditions 
are  fixed  by  an  agreement  between  the  employer  and  the 
employees  acting  as  a  unit. 

Industrial  Council — A  national  or  district  organization 
jointly  representing  employers  and  employees  in  an  in- 


32 

dustry.  An  industrial  council  ordinarily  consists  of  rep- 
resentatives of  one  or  more  national  or  international 
unions  and  of  one  or  more  employers'  national  associa- 
tions. 

In  the  printing  industry  the  industrial  council  is  known 
as  the  International  Joint  Conference  Council  of  the  Com- 
mercial and  Periodical  Branches  of  the  Printing  Industry. 
The  employees  are  represented  by  the  International 
Typographical  Union,  the  International  Printing  Press- 
men and  Assistants'  Union,  the  International  Brotherhood 
of  Bookbinders,  and  the  International  Stereotypers'  and 
Electrotypers'  Union ;  the  employers :  the  Closed  Shop 
Branch  United  Typothetae  of  America,  the  Printers' 
League  of  America,  and  the  International  Association 
Employing  Stereotypers  and  Electrotypers.  Its  constitu- 
tion provides : 

I — Preamble. 

Only  through  joint  conferences  in  the  spirit  of  mutual  helpful- 
n£ss  between  employees  and  employers  can  the  foundation  be  laid 
for  stable  and  prosperous  conditions  within  the  printing  industry. 
To  promote  the  spirit  of  co-operation  and  to  deal  with  the  problems 
of  the  industry  in  a  way  to  insure  the  protection  of  the  interests 
of  all  concerned,  the  establishment  of  an  International  Joint  Con- 
ference Council,  made  up  of  representatives  of  employers  and  em- 
ployees, which  shall  be  thoroughly  informed  as  to  conditions  and 
interests  of  all  parties  in  the  industry  and  in  a  position  to  suggest 
for  ratification  regulations  which  shall  eventually  become  the  law 
of  the  industry,  is  considered  essential. 

Compulsory  arbitration  by  law  is  deemed  impracticable  as  a 
means  of  adjusting  controversies  between  employers  and  employees. 
Controversies  between  employers  and  employees  can  and  should 
be  adjusted  through  voluntary  agreements  to  refer  disputes  to 
boards  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  composed  of  representatives 
of  employers  and  employees  in  the  industry  affected.  It  is  in  this 
spirit  of  arbitration  and  conciliation  that  the  organization  and 
operation  of  a  Joint  International  Conference  Council  for  the 
Printing  Industry  and  Allied  Trades  is  undertaken. 


33 

II — Proposal. 

To  establish  for  the  Printing  Industry  and  Allied  Trades  a  joint 
International  Conference  Council,  upon  which  Council  there  shall  be 
equal  representation  of  employers  and  employees.  The  International 
Conference  to  be  known  as  "The  International  Joint  Conference 
Council"  hereinafter  referred  to  in  this  agreement  as  the  Interna- 
tional Council. 

Ill — Scope  of  Activities. 

The  International  Council  is  to  devote  its  activities  not  primarily 
to  disputes,  to  the  fixation  of  wage  scales,  the  making  of  specific 
wage  agreements,  and  the  like,  but  to  matters  of  policy. 

Among  the  activities  which  might  come  within  the  scope  of  the 
International  Council  are  the  following: 

(a)  Outlining  of  general  trade  policies  which  will  secure  the 
greatest  degree  of  co-operation  between  employer  and  employee, 
and  at  the  same  time  insure  full  protection  of  the  interests  of  the 
public. 

(b)  Consideration,  reporting,  and  advising  on  any  legislation 
affecting  the  trade. 

(c)  Studying  and  proposing  methods  for  securing  uniform  work- 
ing hours  and  shop  practices. 

(d)  Co-operation  with  those  departments  of  the  Government 
exercising  jurisdiction  to  maintain  such  selling  prices  as  will  insure 
a  reasonable  remuneration  to  both  employers  and  employees. 

(e)  Consideration  and  review  of  the  causes  of  any  disputes 
which  arise  in  the  Industry.  All  conciliation  and  arbitration  proc- 
esses covered  in  existing  agreements  must  be  exhausted  before 
appeals  are  taken  to  the  International  Council.  Where  no  arbitration 
or  trade  agreements  are  in  eflfect,  appeals  may  be  taken  through 
regular  and  recognized  channels  to  the  International  Council. 

(f)  Investigation  of  the  question  of  apprenticeship  conditions; 
adoption  of  suitable  methods  of  selection  for  apprenticeship,  and 
the  technical  training  for  apprentices,  learners,  and  journeymen 
throughout  the  industry ;  the  improvement  of  process,  designs,  and 
standards  of  workmanship ;  to  seek  adequate  representation  on  the 
control  and  management  of  all  technical  institutes  ;  to  consider  and 
report  upon  all  improvements  of  processes,  machinery,  and  organ- 
ization, and  appropriate  questions  relating  to  management  and  the 
examination  of  industrial  experiments,  with  special  reference  to  co- 
operation in  carrying  new  ideas  into  eflfect.  and  full  consideration 


34 

of  the  employees'  point  of  view  in  relation  thereto.  The  better 
utilization  of  the  practical  knowledge  and  experience  of  employees, 
with  provision  for  facilities  for  the  full  consideration  and  utilization 
of  acceptable  inventions  and  improvements  designed  by  employers 
or  employees,  and  for  the  adequate  safeguarding  of  the  rights  of 
the  designer  of  such  improvements. 

(g)  Determination  of  practicability  of  establishing  wage  adjust- 
ment boards  throughout  the  industry. 

(h)  Consideration  of  any  matters  of  general  interest  to  the 
Trade,  whether  industrial,  educative,  economic,  legislative,  or 
hygienic  may  be  taken  up. 

IV — Authority. 

(a)  Each  side  shall  submit  its  bill  of  particulars  for  action  in 
the  form  of  resolutions,  which,  after  having  been  unanimously 
passed  by  the  International  Council,  shall  be  submitted  for  ratifica- 
tion to  the  constituent  bodies  of  the  organizations,  parties  to  this 
agreement.  Resolutions  passed  by  the  International  Council  and 
ratified  by  the  constituent  bodies  of  the  organizations,  shall  be  bind- 
ing upon  all  parties  to  this  agreement  and  shall  become  the  law 
of  the  trade. 

(b)  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  intents  and  objects 
for  which  this  International  Council  is  formed,  local  unions,  chapels, 
and  shop  committees  affiliated  with  the  respective  International 
Unions,  parties  to  this  agreement,  local  allied  printing  trades  coun- 
cils and  local  associations  of  employers  in  the  respective  trades 
dealing  with  the  unions  under  this  agreement,  shall  be  recognized 
as  proper  and  legitimate  agencies  through  which  the  International 
Council  is  to  function. 

(c)  It  shall  be  the  right  of  any  of  these  local  groups  of  print- 
ing trades  employers  and  of  local  groups  of  employees  to  submit 
to  the  International  Council  for  consideration  and  action  any 
proposal  of  mutual  interest,  provided,  however,  such  proposals  will 
not  violate  the  legitimate  processes  and  relations  in  existence  between 
local  unions  and  respective  international  unions  or  be  in  conflict 
with  existing  agreements. 

(d)  That  all  local  agreements  hereafter  entered  into  between 
local  unions  and  local  employers  shall  be  underwritten  and  guar- 
anteed by  the  International  Union  having  jurisdiction  over  the 
particular  trade  making  such  local  agreement.  In  the  event  that 
any  lr,ral  union  or  local  employer  violates  or  disregards  the  terms 


35 

of  this  agreement  the  action  of  such  recalcitrant  union  or  employer 
shall  be  publicly  disavowed  by  this  International  Council  and  the 
aggrieved  parties  shall  be  furnished  with  an  official  document  to 
that  eflfect. 

V — Membership   and    Organization. 

(a)  The  International  Council  shall  consist  of  eight  members, 
four  chosen  by  the  ratifying  employers'  association,  viz. :  2  from 
the  United  Typothetae  of  America,  Closed  Shop  Branch,  i  from 
Printers'  League  of  America,  i  from  the  International  Association 
of  Employing  Stereotypers  and  Electrotypers,  and  4  by  the 
ratifying  labor  organizations,  viz. :  i  each  from  International  Typo- 
graphical Union,  International  Printing  Pressmen  and  Assistants' 
Union,  International  Stereotypers'  and  Electrotypers'  Union,  Inter- 
national Brotherhood  of  Bookbinders. 

(b)  The  International  Council  may,  at  any  regular  meeting, 
receive  applications  from  organizations  of  either  employees  or  em- 
ployers, who  have  not  ratified  this  agreement  and  by  unanimous 
vote  may  admit  such  applicants  to  all  privileges  and  responsibilities 
of  this  agreement. 

VI — Constitutional  Questions. 

(a)  Election  of  the  members  of  the  International  Council  shall 
be  in  each  case  determined  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  ratify- 
ing organization.  Alternates  to  act  for  members  in  their  absence, 
shall  be  appointed  or  elected  in  the  same  manner  as  prescribed 
herein  for  members.  The  members  shall  hold  office  until  their  suc- 
cessors are  duly  chosen. 

(b)  Each  group  of  the  ratifying  members  of  the  International 
Council  shall  select  a  chairman.  These  chairmen  shall  call  meetings 
and  preside  jointly. 

(c)  On  written  demand  of  a  majority  of  the  members  of  either 
side  of  the  International  Council,  the  joint  chairmen  shall  call  a 
meeting  at  a  convenient  time  and  place  and  see  to  it  that  a  notice 
is  sent  to  each  member  of  the  International  Council,  which  notice 
shall  state  the  time  and  place  and  purpose  of  the  meeting. 

(d)  A  record  of  the  transactions  of  each  International  Council 
meeting  shall  be  kept  and  distributed  to  the  members  of  the  Inter- 
national Council. 

(e)  Unanimous  vote  is  necessary  to  carry  any  resolution  in- 
volving the  establishment  of  general  principles  affecting  any  of  the 


36 

trades,  parties  to  this  agreement.     Ordinary  routine  business  of  the 
International  Council  may  be  decided  by  a  majority  vote. 

(f)  For  the  sake  of  expediting  business,  the  meetings  of  the 
International  Council  will  ordinarily  be  confined  to  members.  The 
International  Council  may,  however,  adopt  such  rules  and  regulations 
governing  the  attendance  of  other  than  members  at  the  meetings  as 
they  deem  advisable  and  necessary. 

(g)  The  International  Council  may  adopt  from  time  to  time 
such  rules  of  procedure  in  the  conduct  of  business  as  may  properly 
come  before  it  when  such  rules  will  not  conflict  with  any  procedure 
set  forth  in  the  general  plan. 

(h)  Amendments  to  this  general  agreement  shall  be  submitted 
in  the  form  of  resolutions  and  passed  and  approved  in  the  manner 
prescribed  in  paragraph  (e).  Section  VI,  and  paragraph  (a),  Sec- 
tion IV. 

VII — Finance. 

(a)  The  expense  of  attendance  at  meetings  shall  be  borne 
separately  by  the  respective  bodies  of  the  International  Council 
unless  otherwise  mutually  agreed  upon. 

(b)  Expenditures  for  meeting  places  or  clerical  services  will 
be  borne  jointly. 

(c)  All  accounts  will  be  audited  and  approved  by  an  Executive 
Committee  selected  from  the  membership  of  the  International  Coun- 
cil which  will  be  authorized  to  act  in  all  such  matters. 

VIII — Withdrawal   from   Membership, 
(a)     Any  constituent  body  may  withdraw  from  the  International 
Council  by  giving  six  months'  notice  in  writing  to  the  International 
Council. 

In  the  lumber  industry  in  the  northwest  the  industrial 
council  is  known  as  the  Loyal  Legion  of  Loggers  and 
Lumbermen.  It  consists  of  the  owners,  operators,  and 
employees  engaged  in  logging,  milling,  and  manufactur- 
ing lumber  in  Oregon,  Washington,  and  Idaho.  It  was 
established  in  November,  1917.  The  following  statement 
is  quoted  from  its  constitution  and  by-laws: 

Four  times  during  the  first  year  of  the  organization's  existence, 
delegates  and  representatives  were  called  into  conventions  to  confer 
with  General  Disque.  Resolutions,  passed  at  these  meetings,  placed 
;n  his  hands  all  matters  f)f  disagreement  between  workers  and  em- 


37 

ployers,  as  touching  wages,  hours  of  work,  and  living  conditions. 
Although  opposed  liy  those  who  have  lived  off  the  strife  between 
capital  and  labor,  the  Loyal  Legion  continued  to  grow  in  numbers 
and  internal  cohesivcness,  until,  at  the  end  of  the  first  year,  the 
membership  had  reached  a  total  of  over  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  thousand. 

It  had  accomplished  much.  A  brief  recapitulation  of  only  those 
items  of  the  highest  import  shows  that  the  achievements  herein- 
under  set  forth  are  to  the  credit  of  the  organization : 

(i)  The  stabilization  of  the  industry,  and  reduction  of  the 
annual  labor  turnover  to  a  nominal  figure. 

(2)  The  elimination  of  strikes,  lock-outs,  sedition,  and  sabotage, 
and  the  birth  of  a  better  understanding  between  the  employer  and 
the  workman. 

(3)  The  establishment  of  the  basic  eight-hour  day,  a  point  which 
had  been  a  matter  of  contention  for  years. 

(4)  A  vast  improvement  in  camp  and  living  conditions  and  camp 
sanitation. 

(5)  An  increase  in  the  production  of  lumber  for  general  war 
purposes,  including  the  building  of  ships ;  and  an  increase  of  over 
1,500  per  cent  in  October,  '1918,  of  specially  selected  spruce,  fir,  and 
cedar,  suitable  for  airplane  manufacture,  over  the  similar  production 
in  October,  1917. 

(6)  Finally,  through  the  mutual  co-operation  of  employer  and 
workman,  it  has  enabled  the  latter  to  take  a  real  place  in  discussing 
and  shaping  the  policies  of  the  industry  as  a  whole,  through  the 
establishment  of  the  Local  Conference  Committees,  District  Com- 
mittees, and  the  Central  Council. 

Upon  the  granting  of  the  armistice  on  November  11,  1918,  the 
Loyal  Legion  was  confronted  with  the  withdrawal  of  Government 
supervision.  The  vital  question  to  the  members  was,  "Would  that 
m.ean  a  return  to  the  former  conditions,  longer  hours,  and  less 
wages,  strikes,  sabotage,  and  insidious  propaganda,  or  could  the 
Loyal  Legion,  which  had  accomplished  so  much  for  them,  be  con- 
tinued as  a  peace  organization?"  The  requests  that  an  opportunity 
be  given  for  the  membership  to  determine  its  future  became  so  many 
that  conventions  were  held  in  the  City  of  Portland,  Oregon,  Decem- 
ber 6,  1918,  and  in  the  City  of  Spokane,  Washington,  December  9, 
1918. 

The  action  taken   at   these   conventions   was    overwhelmingly   in 


38 

favor  of  continuation.  New  members  of  the  twelve  district  boards 
were  selected  by  both  operators  and  employees,  and  the  new  Board 
of  Directors,  which  consists  of  the  Chairmen  of  the  District  Boards, 
was  instructed  to  formulate  a  permanent  plan  and  program  for  the 
Loyal  Legion,  and  to  draw  up  a  constitution  and  rules  to  govern  it. 
This  Board  of  Directors  was  called  together  for  the  purpose  in- 
dicated on  January  6,  1919,  and  the  rules  and  regulations  herewith 
appended,  were  adopted. 

There  are  four  steps  provided  for  adjusting  contro- 
versies ;  first,  Employees'  Conference  Committees ;  sec- 
ond, District  Boards,  consisting  of  four  employers  and 
four  employees ;  third,  Board  of  Directors,  consisting  of 
twelve  employers  and  twelve  employees ;  fourth,  Neutral 
Adjustment  Board,  consisting  of  three  members.  The 
organization  of  these  bodies  is  as  follows: 

Article  IIL 
Sec.    2.     The    Employees'    Conference    Committee    of   each    local 
shall  consist  of  the  Chairman,  Vice-Chairman,  and  Secretary. 

*    *    *    * 

Sec.  3.  The  industrial  relations  between  employer  and  employee 
shall  be  conducted  through  the  Employees'  Conference  Com- 
mittee in  the  manner  described.  Two  classifications  of  such  rela- 
tions are  recognized :  "Matters  of  local  concern"  and  "Questions 
of  general  import." 

"Matters  of  local  concern"  shall  consist  of  questions  affecting  the 
living,  working,  and  recreation  conditions  of  each  local;  unwarranted 
discharge  of  members ;  tool  charges  and  breakage ;  and  all  local  con- 
ditions surrounding  the  employment  or  affecting  the  obligations  of 
members  of  the  organization  in  that  local,  and  exclusive  of  "Ques- 
tions of  general  import." 

"Questions  of  general  import"  are  those  affecting  the  industry  by 
districts,  or  as  a  whole,  such  as  wages  and  hours,  general  adminis- 
tration affairs,  and  all  matters  of  general  value  either  to  locals  or 
members  of  the  association.  Consideration  must  be  given  the  fact 
that  questions  of  hours  and  wages,  which  in  some  cases  are  ap- 
parently of  local  concern,  in  reality  affect  the  entire  industry  and 
must  be  considered  as  "Questions  of  general  import." 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  Ix-  tlic  (hity  of  the  Employees'  Conference  Com- 
mittee   to   confer    witli    tlic    operator    or    operator's    representative 


39 

on  all  diflFerences  of  local  concern  arising  in  the  local  from  which 
it  is  elected,  and  to  endeavor  to  adjust  such  differences  in  a  manner 
satisfactory  to  both  parties.  This  committee  shall  be  strictly  an 
employees'  committee  and  shall  at  all  times  act  as  the  spokesman 
for  the  men  concerned,  rather  than  as  an  arbitration  board.  Upon 
a  failure  to  agree  with  the  operator  on  any  question  under  considera- 
tion, the  Employees'  Conference  Committee  shall  submit  the  case 
in  writing  to  the  Chairman  of  the  District  Board,  through  the 
Headquarters  Office,  for  action  by  that  body  at  its  next  meeting. 
The  Employees'  Conference  Committee  may  initiate  questions  of 
general  import  but  shall  not  have  jurisdiction  in  the  final  settlement 
or  interpretation  of  such  questions. 

*  *    *    * 

Article  IV. 

♦  »     ♦     ♦ 

Sec.  2.  District  Boards  for  each  district  of  the  Loyal  Legion 
shall  consist  of  four  employees,  two  millmen  and  two  loggers,  to 
be  elected  at  the  annual  convention  by  the  employee  members  from 
among  the  Local  Employees'  Conference  Committees  of  the  District, 
and  of  four  operators,  two  millmen  and  two  loggers,  selected  by 
the  employers  of  the  district  concerned. 

41    *    *    * 

Sec.  3.  The  duty  of  the  District  Board  shall  be  to  hear  all  mat- 
ters on  appeal  from  the  Employees'  Conference  Committee;  and 
it  may  initiate  matters  of  general  import  for  the  consideration  of  the 
Board  of  Directors.  The  decision  of  the  District  Board  on  matters 
of  local  concern  shall  be  final,  except  that  it  shall  be  clear  to  the 
Board  of  Directors  that  a  fair  and  impartial  hearing  was  given  to 
all  matters  brought  before  it  by  the  Employees'  Conference  Com- 
mittee. Upon  a  failure  to  agree  on  matters  submitted,  the  District 
Board  shall  refer  the  case  or  cases  in  writing  to  the  Board  of 
Directors,  but  no  such  reference  shall  be  made  until  the  District 
Board  shall  have  exhausted  all  honorable  means  of  adjusting  the 
question.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Chairman  of  the  District  Board 
to  report  all  cases  before  it,  and  the  disposition  of  the  same  to  the 
Secretary-Manager.  An  appeal  from  any  decision  by  the  District 
Board  may  be  taken  to  the  Board  of  Directors  upon  a  proper  show- 
ing by  those  interested.  The  employees'  Board  Chairman  and  the 
operators'  Board  Chairman  shall  be  supplied  with  a  copy  of  the 
report  and  the  proceedings  of  all  District   Board  meetings  within 


40 

five  days  after  adjournment.  Regular  meetings  of  the  District  Board 
shall  be  held  ten  days  prior  to  any  regular  meetings  of  the  Board 
of  Directors.  The  District  Board  may  also  be  convened  upon  call 
of  the  Secretary-Manager  of  the  Loyal  Legion  at  any  time. 

Sec.  4.  The  Board  of  Directors  composed  of  the  employees' 
District  Board  Chairman,  and  the  operators'  District  Board  Chair- 
man, of  each  district,  shall  constitute  the  supreme  body  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  of  Loggers  and  Lumbermen. 

♦     »     *     * 

Sec.  6 The  President  of  the  Loyal  Legion  shall  be 

the  presiding  officer  for  all  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors.  He 
will  not  be  entitled  to  a  vote  except  in  case  of  an  equal  division  in 
the  vote:  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  when  all  members  are  present, 
which'would  mean  that  twelve  votes  were  cast  in  the  affirmative  and 
twelve  votes  in  the  negative.  In  such  case  the  President  will  cast  the 
deciding  vote,  but  any  question  so  decided  shall  be  subject  to  appeal 
in  the  following  manner : 

The  employee  members  of  the  Board  of  Directors  will  select  one 
disinterested  person,  not  connected  with  the  logging  or  lumber  in- 
dustry, to  represent  them,  and  the  employer  members  will  make  a 
similar  selection.  The  two  men  so  selected  shall  determine  upon  a 
third  disinterested  party,  who,  if  available,  is  to  be  a  Federal  Judge, 
and  to  the  three  men  thus  selected,  the  question  that  has  been  ap- 
pealed will  be  referred  for  final  decision.  All  decisions  of  the  Board 
of  Directors  shall  be  promulgated  by  a  bulletin  or  bulletins  bearing 
the  names  of,  and  the  approval  of,  the  Board  of  Directors ;  said  bul- 
letin or  bulletins  shall  include  all  resolutions  and  decisions  regarding 
wage  scales  and  camp  and  mill  regulations,  and  shall  supersede  all 
previous  bulletins  on  the  same  subject. 

Industrial  Union — A  local  or  national  union  in  which 
membership  is  open  to  all  workmen  in  the  industry  ir- 
respective of  occupation  or  craft. 

The  United  Mine  Workers  of  America,  for  example,  is 
an  industrial  union  which  admits  to  its  membership 
workers  in  every  occupation  in  the  coal  mining  industry 
.such  as  miners,  blacksmiths,  machinists,  carpenters, 
clcclrici.'ins,  engineers,  firemen,  brakemen,  drivers,  load- 
ers, and  laborers.     Its  constitution  provides: 


41 

Article  II.     Objects. 

First.  To  unite  in  one  organization,  regardless  of  creed,  color, 
or  nationality,  all  workmen  eligible  for  membership,  employed  in 
and  around  coal  mines,  coal  washers,  and  coke  ovens  on  the 
American  Continent.  (Constitution  of  International  Union  United 
Mine  Workers  of  America,  1920) 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor,  at  its  1901  Con- 
vention, while  holding  that  it  was  organized  on  a  craft 
basis,  made  the  following  important  exceptions : 

Owing  to  the  isolation  of  some  few  industries  from  thickly 
populated  centers  where  the  overwhelming  number  follow  one 
branch  thereof,  and  owing  to  the  fact  that  in  some  industries  com- 
paratively few  workers  are  engaged  over  whom  separate  organ- 
izations claim  jurisdiction,  we  believe  that  jurisdiction  in  such  in- 
dustries by  the  paramount  organization  would  yield  the  best  results 
to  the  workers  therein,  at  least  until  the  development  of  organ- 
ization of  each  branch  has  reached  a  stage  wherein  these  may  be 
placed,  without  material  injury  to  all  parties  in  interest,  in  affiliation 
with  their  national  trade  unions.  {Report  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Twenty-first  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
1901 ;  p.  240) 

Industrial  Workers  of  the  World  (I.  W.  W.)— A  labor 
organization  formed  in  1905  to  include  workers  in  all  oc- 
cupations, skilled  or  unskilled,  irrespective  of  craft.  This 
organization  does  not  sign  wage  agreements  with  em- 
ployers that  interfere  in  any  way  with  the  right  to  strike ; 
it  demands  the  abolition  of  the  wage  system  and  the 
elimination  of  the  employer.  The  estimated  membership 
of  the  Industrial  Workers  of  the  World  in  1919  was  as 

follows : 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership* 

1919 

Lumber  Workers'  Industrial  Union 20,000 

Metal  Mine  Workers'  Industrial  Union 15,000 

Agricultural  Workers'  Industrial  Union 6,000 

^American  Labor  Year  Book,  1919-1920;  p.  195. 


42 

Construction  Workers'  Industrial  Union 5,000 

Marine  Transport  Workers'  Industrial  Union. . .  ,  4,000 

Metal  and  Machinery  Workers'  Industrial  Union  4,000 

Railroad  Workers'  Industrial  Union 2,000 

Textile  Workers'  Industrial  Union 1,000 

Hotel,  Restaurant,  and  Domestic  Workers'  Indus- 
trial Union 1,000 

Printing    and     Publishing    Workers'     Industrial 

Union  ^    

Ship  Builders'  Union 1,000 

Local  unions  not  transferred  to  industrial  unions  7,000 

General  Recruiting  Union 4,000 

Injunction — A  writ  issued  by  a  court  of  equity  to 
restrain  an  employer  or  employees  from  proceeding  with 
a  course  of  action  that  would  result  in  injury  for  which 
the  injured  party  would  have  no  adequate  means  of  legal 
redress.  The  use  of  an  injunction  frequently  is  opposed 
by  labor  unions  on  the  ground  that  it  abridges  the  right 
to  trial  by  jury  and  that  it  is  not  strictly  confined  to  the 
protection  of  property  rights  but  is  used  to  enjoin  the 
exercise  of  personal  rights,  such  as  the  right  to  induce 
an  employee  of  a  non-union  shop  to  become  a  member  of 
a  labor  union,  to  picket  a  plant  in  which  a  strike  has  oc- 
curred, or  to  distribute  circulars  among  workers  in  a  non- 
union shop. 

For  example,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
in  Duplex  Printing  Press  Company  vs.  various  defendants 
individually  and  as  representatives  of  a  district  council 
and  a  local  lodge  of  the  International  Association  of 
Machinists,  January  3,  1921,  ordered: 

There  should  be  an  injunction  against  defendants  and  the  associa- 
tions represented  by  them,  and  all  members  of  those  associations, 
restraining  them,  according  to  the  prayer  of  the  bill,  from  inter- 
'  Membership  not  given. 


43 

fering  or  attempting  to  interfere  with  the  sale,  transportation,  or 
delivery  in  interstate  commerce  of  any  printing  press  or  presses 
manufactured  by  complainant,  or  the  transportation,  carting,  in- 
stallation, use,  operation,  exhibition,  display,  or  repairing  of  any 
such  press  or  presses,  or  the  performance  of  any  contract  or  con- 
tracts made  by  complainant  respecting  the  sale,  transportation, 
delivery,  or  installation  of  any  such  press  or  presses,  by  causing  or 
threatening  to  cause  loss,  damage,  trouble,  or  inconvenience  to  any 
person,  firm,  or  corporation  concerned  in  the  purchase,  transporta- 
tion, carting,  installation,  use,  operation,  exhibition,  display,  or 
repairing  of  any  such  press  or  presses,  or  the  performance  of  any 
such  contract  or  contracts ;  and  also  and  especially  from  using  any 
force,  threats,  command,  direction,  or  even  persuasion  with  the 
object  or  having  the  effect  of  causing  any  person  or  persons  to 
decline  employment,  cease  employment,  or  not  seek  employment, 
or  to  refrain  from  wrork  or  cease  w^orking  under  any  person,  firm, 
or  corporation  being  a  purchaser  or  prospective  purchaser  of  any 
printing  press  or  presses  from  complainant,  or  engaged  in  hauling, 
carting,  delivering,  installing,  handling,  using,  operating,  or  repair- 
ing any  such  press  or  presses  for  any  customer  of  complainant. 
Other  threatened  conduct  by  defendants  or  the  associations  they 
represent,  or  the  members  of  such  associations,  in  furtherance  of 
the  secondary  boycott  should  be  included  in  the  injunction  accord- 
ing to  the  proofs. 

The  following  is  an  example  of  an  extremely  severe 
injunction  issued  against  a  labor  union: 

We  therefore,  in  consideration  thereof,  and  of  the  particular 
matters  in  said  bill  set  forth,  DO  STRICTLY  COMMAND  YOU, 
the  said  above  named  defendants,  and  the  persons  before  mentioned, 
and  each  and  every  one  of  you,  that  you  do  absolutely  DESIST 
AND  REFRAIN : 

From  in  any  manner  interfering  with,  hindering,  obstructing  or 
stopping  the  business  of  the  complainants,  respectively,  or  of  their 
respective  agents,  servants  or  employees  in  the  operation  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  complainants,  respectively ; 

From  picketing  or  maintaining  any  picket  or  pickets  at  or  near 
the  premises  of  the  complainants,  respectively,  or  along  the  routes 
followed  by  the  employees  of  the  complainants,  respectively,  in 
going  to  and  from  their  homes  and  to  and  from  the  place  of  busi- 
ness of  the  complainants,  respectively; 


44 

From  watching  or  spying  upon  the  complainants'  places  of  busi- 
ness, and  upon  the  employees  of  the  complainants,  respectively,  and 
from  watching  or  spying  upon  those  who  enter  or  leave  said  places 
of  business,  or  who  seek  to  enter  the  employment  of  the  com- 
plainants, respectively,  or  who  seek  to  do  business  with  the  com- 
plainants, respectively ; 

From  assaulting  or  intimidating  by  threats  or  otherwise  the  em- 
ployees of  the  complainants,  respectively,  or  any  persons  who  may 
become  or  seek  to  become  employees  of  the  complainants,  respec- 
tively ; 

From  congregating  about  or  near  the  places  of  business  of  the 
complainants,  respectively,  or  any  place  where  the  employees  of  the 
complainants,  respectively,  are  lodged  or  boarded,  for  the  purpose 
of  compelling,  inducing  or  soliciting  the  employees  of  the  com- 
plainants, respectively,  to  leave  their  employment  or  to  refuse  to 
work  for  the  complainants,  respectively,  or  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing,  or  attempting  to  prevent,  persons  from  freely  entering 
into  the  employment  of  the  complainants,  respectively; 

From  entering  upon  the  grounds  or  places  where  the  employees 
of  the  complainants,  respectively,  are  at  work  for  the  purpose,  or 
with  the  effect,  of  hindering,  interfering  with  or  obstructing  the 
business  of  such  employees  or  of  the  complainants,  respectively; 

From  interfering  with,  or  attempting  to  hinder  the  complainants, 
respectively,  in  carrying  on  their  respective  business  in  the  usual 
and  ordinary  way; 

From  following  the  employees  of  the  complainants,  respectively, 
to  their  homes,  or  to  other  places,  or  from  calling  upon  such  em- 
ployees for  the  purpose,  or  with  the  effect,  of  inducing  them  to 
leave  the  employment  of  the  complainants,  respectively,  or  for  the 
purpose,  or  with  the  effect  of  molesting  or  intimidating  such  em- 
ployees or  their  families ; 

From  attempting  by  payment  or  promise  of  money,  employment 
or  other  rewards,  to  induce  employees  of  the  complainants  to  leave 
their  employment ; 

From  instituting  or  maintaining  any  boycott  or  boycotts  against 
the  complainants,  respectively ; 

From  compelling  or  inducing,  or  attempting  to  compel  or  induce, 
any  of  the  employees  of  the  complainants,  respectively,  to  refuse  or 
to  fail  to  do  their  work  or  to  perform  their  duties  as  such  em- 
ployees ; 


45 

From  sending  any  circulars  or  other  communications  to  cus- 
tomers of  the  complainants,  respectively,  or  to  other  persons  who 
might  deal  or  transact  business  with  the  complainants,  respectively, 
for  the  purpose,  or  with  the  effect  of  dissuading  such  persons  from 
so  doing ; 

From  doing  anything  which  subjects  any  of  the  complainants' 
employees  to  hatred,  criticism,  censure,  scorn,  disgrace  or  annoyance 
because  of  their  employment  by  the  complainants,  respectively,  until 
this  Honorable  Court  in  Chancery  sitting,  shall  make  order  to  the 
contrary.  Hereof  fail  not,  under  penalty  of  what  the  law  directs. 
(Documentary  History  of  the  Amalgamated  Clothing  Workers  of 
America,  Vol.  H,  pp.  118-119) 

A  union  sometimes  obtains  an  injunction  against 
another  union.  For  example,  the  officers  and  members 
of  Local  Union  257,  Painters  and  Decorators  of  America, 
with  national  headquarters  at  Lafayette,  Indiana,  ob- 
tained the  following  decree  against  the  officers  and  mem- 
bers of  Local  Union  257,  Painters  and  Decorators  of 
America,  with  national  headquarters  at  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land: 

It  is  ordered,  adjudged,  and  decreed  that  the  defendant  associa- 
tion, the  defendants,  and  each  and  every  of  them,  their  committees, 
agents,  and  servants,  be  restrained  and  strictly  enjoined  from  in- 
terfering and  from  combining,  conspiring,  or  attempting  to  inter- 
fere, with  the  employment  of  members  of  the  plaintiffs'  said  associa- 
tion, by  representing  or  causing  to  be  represented  in  express  or 
implied  terms,  to  any  employer  of  said  members  of  plaintiffs' 
association,  or  to  any  person  or  persons  or  corporation  who  might 
become  employers  of  any  of  the  plaintiffs,  that  such  employers  will 
suffer  or  are  likely  to  suffer  some  loss  or  trouble  in  their  business 
for  employing  or  continuing  to  employ  said  members  of  plaintiffs' 
said  association ;  or  by  representing,  directly  or  indirectly,  for  the 
purpose  of  interfering  with  the  employment  of  members  of  the 
plaintiffs'  said  association,  to  any  who  have  contracts  or  may  have 
contracts  for  services  to  be  performed  by  employers  of  members  of 
plaintiffs'  said  association,  that  such  persons  will  or  are  likely  to 
suffer  some  loss  or  trouble  in  their  business  for  allowing  such 
employers  of  members  of  plaintiffs'  said  association  (and  because 
they  are  such  employers)  to  obtain  or  perform  such  contracts;  or 


46 

by  intimidating,  or  attempting  to  intimidate,  by  threats,  direct  or 
indirect,  express  or  implied,  of  loss  or  trouble  in  business,  or  other- 
wise, any  person  or  persons  or  corporation  who  now  are  employing 
or  may  hereafter  employ  or  desire  to  employ  any  of  the  members  of 
the  plaintiffs'  said  association ;  or  by  attempting  by  any  scheme  or 
conspiracy,  among  themselves  or  with  others,  to  annoy,  hinder,  or 
interfere  with,  or  prevent  any  person  or  persons  or  corporation 
from  employing  or  continuing  to  employ  a  member  or  members  of 
plaintiffs'  said  association ;  and  from  any  and  all  acts,  or  the  use 
of  any  methods,  which  by  putting  or  attempting  to  put  any  person 
or  persons  or  corporation  in  fear  of  loss  or  trouble,  will  tend  to 
hinder,  impede,  or  obstruct  members,  or  any  member,  of  the  plain- 
tiffs' said  association  from  securing  employment  or  continuing  in 
employment.  And  that  the  plaintiffs  recover  their  costs,  taxed  as 
in  an  action  of  law.     (Plant  z's.  Woods,  176  Mass.  492) 

Inside  Shop — A  plant  operated  under  the  direct  super- 
vision of  an  employer  in  which  working  conditions  readily 
can  be  inspected  by  a  labor  union  or  by  city  or  state 
officials  ;  a  term  commonly  used  in  the  needle  trades. 

International  Union,  See  National  or  International 
Union. 

Intimidation — 1.  An  act  or  a  threat  by  an  employer  to 
discourage  interference  with  the  continuous  operation  of 
his  plant,  or  to  compel  employees,  through  fear  of  dis- 
crimination or  penalty,  to  act  in  accordance  with  his 
dictates. 

2.  An  act  or  threat  by  employees  to  prevent  others 
from  accepting  employment  in  a  plant  where  a  dispute 
occurs,  or  otherwise  to  influence  their  course  of  action 
through  fear  of  reproach  or  physical  injury;  not  applied 
to  peaceful  picketing. 

Irregularity  of  Employment — Interruption  of  employ- 
ment resulting  from  sucli  causes  as  seasonal  fluctuation 
in  the  demand  for  the  i)roduct,  lack  of  transportation 
facilities,  shfjrtage  of  materials,  faulty  management,  or 
inclement   weather   precluding   outside    work,   as   in   the 


47 

building  trades.  Irregularity  of  employment  may  involve 
layoff,  part  time,  or  unemployment. 

Job  Ticket — Written  instructions  issued  to  an  employee 
or  group  of  employees  with  detailed  directions  for  the 
performance  of  a  task. 

Job  Work — Labor  for  which  the  compensation  is  in  a 
lump  sum,  for  the  performance  of  a  quantity  of  work 
taken  as  a  whole,  irrespective  of  the  time  required  for  its 
completion. 

Joint  Committee — 1.  A  committee  that  includes  rep- 
resentatives of  both  employer  and  employees. 

2,  A  committee  that  includes  representatives  of  two  or 
more  groups  of  employees. 

Joint  Conference  Council,  See  Industrial  Council. 

Joint  Industrial  Council,  See  Industrial  Council. 

Joint  Plant  Council,  See  Shop  Committee  System. 

Journeyman — A  workman  who  has  mastered  the  tech- 
nical requirements  of  a  craft  that  requires  special  prepara- 
tion or  training. 

Jurisdictional  Dispute — A  controversy  between  labor 
unions  regarding  the  scope  of  the  trade  over  which  each 
claims  the  right  to  exercise  authority. 

For  example,  at  the  1919  Convention  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor,  the  special  committee  on  jurisdic- 
tion over  construction  of  reinforced  concrete  ships  sub- 
mitted the  following  report: 

Your  committee  finds,  after  hearing  the  representatives  of  all 
trades  interested,  that  the  construction  of  reinforced  concrete  ships 
is  performed  in  the  same  manner  as  is  the  construction  of  reinforced 
concrete  buildings.  We  therefore  recommend  that  all  construction 
work  on  reinforced  concrete  ships  shall  be  performed  by  the  trades 
having  jurisdiction  over  the  construction  work  on  reinforced  con- 
crete buildings.  {Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Thirty-ninth 
Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1919;  p.  454) 


48 

In  another  instance  the  Maintenance  of  Way  Em- 
ployees claimed  jurisdiction  over  the  construction,  repair, 
and  alteration  of  all  buildings  owned  by  railroads,  thereby 
encroaching  on  the  jurisdiction  claimed  by  the  building 
trades  unions.  After  consideration  of  this  dispute,  the 
following  action  was  taken  at  the  1919  Convention  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor : 

We,  therefore,  recommend  that  the  convention  direct  the  Brother- 
hood of  Maintenance  of  Way  Employees  and  Railway  Shop 
Laborers  to  cease  encroaching  on  the  jurisdiction  lines  of  other 
affiliated  organizations,  and  to  transfer  to  the  respective  international 
unions  all  those  members  now  within  their  organization  who  properly 
come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  other  international  unions,  and  the 
Executive  Council  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  be  in- 
structed to  see  that  this  is  done  within  a  reasonable  time,  and  in  the 
event  that  the  Brotherhood  of  Maintenance  of  Way  Employees 
and  Railway  Shop  Laborers  fail  to  comply  with  same,  the  Executive 
Council  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  is  hereby  empowered 
to  suspend  the  charter  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Maintenance  of  Way 
Employees  and  Railway  Shop  Laborers  until  such  time  as  they 
comply  with  this  decision.  {Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Thirty-ninth  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
1919;  p.  462) 

The  departments  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor 
attempt  to  settle  jurisdictional  disputes.  The  National 
Board  for  Jurisdictional  Awards,  Building  Industry,  is 
another  agency  established  for  the  same  purpose. 

Kansas  Court  of  Industrial  Relations,  See  Compulsory 
Adjudication. 

Knights  of  Labor — A  national  labor  organization 
formed  about  1869. 

This  organization  developed  from  a  little  local  union  of  seven 
garment  cutters  in  1869  to  a  vast  amalgamation  of  more  than 
600,000  members  in  1886,  the  year  of  its  greatest  power  and  influence. 
The  real  significance  of  the  history  of  the  Knights  of  Labor  lies  in 
the  aims,  the  policies,  and  the  structure  of  that  organization.  In 
government    it    was    more    highly    centralized,    perhaps,    than    any 


49 

general  labor  organization  that  has  ever  existed  for  any  considerable 
length  of  time.  Its  general  executive  board,  to  illustrate  by  a  brief 
statement,  could  suspend  any  local  officer  or  member,  revoke  any 
charter,  and  by  a  unanimous  vote,  terminate  any  strike,  general  or 
local.  In  structure  it  was  polyglot.  It  began  as  a  trade  union,  but 
soon  introduced  mixed  assemblies  in  which  members  of  any  trade 
were  received ;  incorporated  in  its  ranks  employers,  professional 
men,  in  fact  any  person  over  sixteen  years  of  age  not  a  lawyer, 
banker,  professional  gambler,  or  liquor  dealer ;  and  amalgamated 
these  potentially  discordant  elements  into  district  assemblies  and 
finally  into  a  national  organization  from  which  local  autonomy  of 
any  sort  was  practically  eliminated.  Lastly,  the  official  policy  of 
the  Knights  of  Labor  was  to  discourage  strikes  and  boycotts  and 
place  the  main  reliance  upon  political  action,  co-operation,  and 
education.  Back  of  its  structure,  government,  and  policies  was  the 
inspiring  theory  that  mechanical  inventions  are  making  the  skilled 
trades  increasingly  dependent  upon  the  lower  grades  of  unskilled 
labor,  and  that  the  laboring  classes  must  be  elevated  en  masse  or 
not  at  all.  "That  is  the  most  perfect  government,"  the  official  motto 
asserts,  "in  which  an  injury  to  one  is  the  concern  of  all." 

The  period  from  1886  to  the  present  time  marks  a  decided, 
though  possibly  a  temporary,  victory  for  the  trade  union  as  opposed 
to  the  labor  union,  for  federation  as  opposed  to  amalgamation. 
The  Knights  of  Labor  declined,  at  first  slowly  and  then  with  head- 
long rapidity.  First  they  became  involved  in  extensive  strikes  and 
costly  co-operative  schemes,  the  failure  of  which  damaged  the 
prestige  and  drained  the  treasury  of  the  order.  Then  their  peculiar 
organization  brought  them  into  inevitable  conflict  with  the  strict 
trade  unions,  whose  cause  was  taken  up  and  vigorously  championed 
by  the  Federation  of  Labor.  And  as  the  Knights  declined,  their 
political  entanglements  became  more  marked. 

(Adams  and  Sumner,  Labor  Problems,  The  Macmillan  Company, 
1919;  pp.  219-221) 

Label,  See  Union  Label. 

Label  League — An  association  of  labor  unions  for  the 
purpose  of  stimulating  the  demand  for  union  label  prod- 
ucts and  for  preventing  misuse  of  the  label. 

Labor — 1.  Human  effort,  mental  or  physical,  put  forth 
for  the  sake  of  economic  gain. 


50 

2.  A  body  of  workmen,  as  distinguished  from  em- 
ployers and  capitalists. 

3.  Work  performed  by  employees,  operatives,  and 
artisans. 

Labor  Movement — The  organized  efifort  of  wage  earn- 
ers to  better  their  economic  conditions  by  means  of  local, 
state,  national,  and  international  unions. 

Labor  Turnover — The  frequency  of  change  in  the  per- 
sonnel of  a  working  force. 

Students  of  the  problem  are  not  in  full  agreement  as  to 
the  proper  method  of  measuring  labor  turnover.  This 
subject  is  discussed  in  the  following  references: 

Carl  G.  Barth :  "Labor  Turnover." — Bulletin  of  the  Taylor 
Society,  Vol.  5,  No.  2,  April,  1920 ;  p.  52.  Frederick  S.  Crum  :  "How 
to  Figure  Labor  Turnover." — Quarterly  Publications  of  the  Ameri- 
can Statistical  Association,  New  Series,  Vol.  16,  No.  126,  June,  1919 ; 
p.  361.  Paul  H.  Douglas :  "Methods  of  Computing  Labor  Turn- 
over."— American  Economic  Review,  Vol.  9,  No.  2,  June,  1919; 
p.  402.  Sumner  H.  Slichter :  "The  Scope  and  Nature  of  the  Labor 
Turnover  Problem." — Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  Vol. 
XXXIV,  No.  2,  February,  1920;  p.  329. 

Labor  Union — 1.  A  labor  organization  the  purpose  of 
which  is  collective  bargaining  with  employers  regarding 
wages,  hours,  and  general  conditions  of  labor. 

2.  Sometimes  applied  in  a  narrow  sense  to  an  organ- 
ization of  unskilled  workers. 

Lapsed  Member — A  member  of  a  union  who  has  been 
suspended  for  non-payment  of  dues  or  other  indebtedness 
to  the  union.  In  a  closed  shop,  employees  who  are  mem- 
bers of  a  union  ordinarily  refuse  to  work  with  a  lapsed 
member. 

Layoff — Temporary  cessation  of  employment  due  or- 
dinarily to  lack  of  orders  for  the  product ;  a  layoff  does  not 
constitute  permanent  discharge. 


51 

League,  See  Label  League;  National  or  International 
Union. 

Learner — A  person  who  engages  in  an  occupation, 
without  a  contract  for  a  specific  period  of  time,  in  order  to 
improve  his  knowledge  of  the  craft. 

Limitation  of  Output — 1.  The  establishment  of  a 
standard  of  output  by  employees,  either  expressly  or  by 
implication,  as  the  maximum  limit  for  each  task,  not  to 
be  exceeded  within  a  specified  period  of  time. 

2.  The  establishment  of  a  maximum  limit  of  produc- 
tion by  one  or  more  employers. 

Living  Wage — A  rate  of  wage  sufficient  to  permit  the 
maintenance  and  progressive  improvement  of  the  Ameri- 
can standard  of  living  in  the  group  to  which  the  worker 
belongs. 

Mr.  James  Duncan,  Vice-President  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor,  has  made  the  following  statement: 

The  principle  and  purpose  of  the  so-called  living  wage  also  needs 
to  include  a  wage  sufficient  to  supply  a  reasonable  margin  to  provide 
and  build  up  a  fund  for  support  of  the  wage  earner  and  family 
during  times  of  enforced  idleness  and  to  meet  the  unremunerative 
period  of  old  age. 

Local  Union — A  labor  union  the  members  of  which  are 
employed  in  one  plant,  city,  or  locality  and  through  which 
the  individual  workers  act  collectively.  A  local  union  or- 
dinarily is  a  branch  of  a  national  or  international  union. 

Lockout — 1.  The  discontinuance  of  operations  in  one 
or  more  plants  by  employers  acting  individually  or  col- 
lectively, in  order  to  resist  labor  demands  or  to  enforce 
the  acceptance  of  conditions  of  labor  by  employees. 

2.  Refusal  to  continue  to  give  employment  to  a  group 
of  workmen. 

Lodge,  See  National  or  International  Union. 

Loss  in  Working  Time — Interruption  of  production, 


52 

for  which  the  employee  himself  is  not  primarily  respon- 
sible, but  which  is  occasioned  by  failure  to  receive  mate- 
rials or  some  similar  cause. 
See  Allowance. 

Loyal  Legion  of  Loggers  and  Lumbermen,  See  Indus- 
trial Council. 

Lump-of-Labor  Theory — A  theory  that  there  is  only  a 
definite  quantity  of  work  to  be  performed  and  that  the 
introduction  of  labor-saving  devices  or  methods,  by  in- 
creasing the  output  per  employee,  will  result  in  a  loss  of 
employment  by  part  of  the  workers. 

Management — 1.  Administration  of  an  industrial  or 
commercial  enterprise. 

2.  The  body  of  officials  that  directs  and  supervises 
the  operations  of  an  industrial  or  commercial  enterprise, 
including  executives  such  as  the  general  manager,  the 
production  manager,  and  the  sales  manager. 

Mediation — The  efifort  of  an  outside  agency  to  bring 
together  an  employer  and  employees  for  mutual  agree- 
ment in  adjusting  a  controversy  or  in  removing  a  cause 
for  grievance. 

Metal  Trades'  Unions — In  machine  shops,  foundries, 
and  similar  metal  working  industries  the  following 
national  and  international  trade  unions  are  represented : 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership  ^ 

1920 

International  Association  of  Machinists 330,800 

International    Brotherhood    of    Boiler    Makers, 

Iron  Ship  Builders  and  Helpers  of  America.  . .  103,000 
International  Molders'  Union  of  North  America      57,300 

*  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


S3 

International  Brotherhood  of  Blacksmiths,  Drop 
Forgers,  and  Helpers 48,300 

Amalg-amated  Sheet  Metal  Workers'  Interna- 
tional Alliance  21,800 

Metal  Polishers'  International  Union 10,000 

International  Brotherhood  of  Foundry  Em- 
ployees          9,100 

Pattern  Makers'  League  of  North  America....        9,000 

International  Federation  of  Technical  Engineers, 
Architects  and  Draftsmen's  Union 3,500 

International  Union  of  Stove  Mounters 1,900 

The  total  membership  figures  of  the  following  unions 
include  workmen  employed  not  only  in  the  metal  trades, 
but  also  in  other  industries: 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership  * 

1920 

International  Brotherhood  of  Electrical  Workers 

of  America 139,200 

International  Union  of  Steam  and  Operating  En- 
gineers         32,000 

United  Association  of  Plumbers  and  Steamfitters 

of  the  United  States  and  Canada 32,000 

Amalgamated  Association  of  Iron,  Steel  and  Tin 

Workers 31,500 

International  Brotherhood  of  Stationary  Fire- 
men and  Oilers 29,600 

International  Association  of  Bridge,  Structural 
and  Ornamental  Iron  Workers 24,200 

Mine  Workers'  Unions — Among  the  workmen  em- 
ployed in  the  mining  industry,  the  following  national  and 
international  unions  are  represented  : 

^  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


54 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership  ' 

1920 

United  Mine  Workers  of  America 393,600 

International  Union  of  Mine,  Mill,  and  Smelter 

Workers    21,100 

Oil  Field,  Gas  Well  and  Refinery  Workers 20,900 

Quarry  Workers'  International  Union  of  North 
America  3,000 

Minimum  Wage — 1.  The  rate  of  wage  agreed  upon 
between  employer  and  employees  as  constituting  the 
minimum  rate  to  be  paid. 

2.  A  minimum  rate  of  wage  for  women  and  minors 
fixed  by  a  board  established  by  an  act  of  legislature. 

Motion  Study- — A  study  of  the  performance  of  a  par- 
ticular operation  in  order  to  determine  methods  by  which 
it  can  be  simplified  and  useless  motions  eliminated. 

See  Time  Study. 

National  or  International  Union — A  national  union  is 
a  federation  of  local  trade  or  industrial  unions  in  one 
trade  or  industry  in  the  United  States.  An  international 
union  is  a  federation  of  local  trade  or  industrial  unions 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  occasionally  with 
branches  in  Mexico.  A  national  or  international  union 
sometimes  is  designated  as  a  brotherhood,  a  league,  or  a 
lodge. 

In  1920  there  were  about  120  national  and  international 
unions  with  a  total  membership  of  approximately 
5,000,000.  While  the  functions  of  the  various  national 
and  international  unions  difTer  considerably,  they  gener- 
ally fix  national  and  international  working  rules  for  the 
trade  or  industry,  negotiate  trade  agreements,  control  the 

'  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortielh  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


55 

initiation,  management,  and  termination  of  strikes,  con- 
trol the  declaration  of  boycotts,  organize  local  unions  and 
administer  strike  and  benefit  funds. 

The  administration  of  strike,  death,  and  sick  benefits 
in  some  cases  is  vested  in  the  national  union ;  in  other 
cases  it  is  vested  in  the  local  union  with  a  small  degree 
of  centralized  control  by  the  national  union.  For  example, 
in  the  Granite  Cutters'  International  Association  95%  of 
the  general  dues  collected  by  the  local  unions  are  paid  to 
the  international  union,  in  the  International  Molders' 
Union  78%,  in  the  Boot  and  Shoe  Workers'  Union  67%, 
in  the  Pattern  Makers'  League  57%,  and  in  the  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  45%  of  the 
general  dues  are  paid  into  the  treasuries  of  the  national 
unions. 

Needle  Trades'  Unions — In  the  needle  trades,  which  are 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  men's,  women's,  and 
children's  clothing  and  garments,  the  following  national 
and  international  unions  are  represented: 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership 

1920 
Amalgamated  Clothing  Workers  of  America^.  .      175,000 
International  Ladies'  Garment  Workers'  Union-     105,400 

United  Garment  Workers  of  America^   45,900 

United  Cloth,  Hat,  and  Cap  Makers  of  North 

America  =*     15,000 

*  Not  affiliated  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor ;  mem- 
bership figures  obtained  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Union. 

^  Membership  figures  obtained  from  Report  of  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 

*  Suspended  from  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1917 ; 
membership  figures  obtained  from  "Needle  Trades  Form  Huge 
Alliance,"  Advance,  Dec.  17,  1920;  p.  i. 


56 

International  Fur  Workers'  Union  of  the  United 

States  and  Canada  ^ 12,100 

Journeymen  Tailors'  Union  of  America  ^ 12,000 

A  number  of  local  unions  of  men's  neckwear  makers 
are  also  organized  in  the  trade. 

Night  Work — Labor  performed  after  the  termination 
of  the  normal  daylight  period. 

Non-Unionist — 1.  A  workman  who  is  not  a  member 
of  a  labor  union. 

2.  A  workman  eligible  to  join  a  labor  union  who 
refuses  to  become  a  member. 

Non-Union  Shop — 1.  A  plant  in  which  union  mem- 
bers are  not  employed.  This  is  sometimes  called  a  closed 
non-union  shop,  because  it  is  closed  to  union  members. 

In  a  non-union  shop  an  ejnployee  sometimes  signs  an 
individual  contract  of  employment  stipulating  that  he 
will  not  join  a  union.  The  following  is  an  example  of 
such  a  contract : 

I  apply  to  the  ....  Company  for  employment  as  ...  . 
and  if  employed  agree  that  such  employment  will  be  upon  the  fol- 
lowing terms  and  conditions : 

Wages    .... 

Hours  of  labor  to  be  arranged  as  employer  may  deem  expedient, 
not  exceeding  ....  in  any  one  day,  not  exceeding  .... 
in  any  one  week ;  overtime  to  be  optional,  for  which  time  and  one- 
half  will  be  paid.  Factory  conditions  are  accepted  as  satisfactory 
and  will  not  be  the  subject  of  a  controversy  during  my  employment, 
though  suggestions  for  improvement  will  be  welcomed  by  employer. 
I  understand  that  employment  is  upon  a  strictly  non-union  basis, 
and  I  agree  that  while  retained  in  employment  I  will  not  be  or  be- 
oome  a  member  in  a  trade  union ;  that  if  I  hereafter  apply  for  mem- 
bership in  any  trade  union  I  will  at  once  notify  my  employer,  who 
may  thereupon   terminate:   my   employment ;   that   upon  termination 

*  Memljership  figures  obtained  from  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


57 

of  my  employment  for  any  reason  I  will  not  in  any  manner  annoy, 
molest,  or  interfere  with  the  business  or  customers  or  employees  of 
said  employer.  (Proceedings  of  the  First  Industrial  Conference, 
19 19;  pp.  234-235) 

The  following  is  a  notice  issued  by  a  non-union  shop : 

To  rvhom  it  may  concern: 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  the  business  of  the  undersigned  is 
operated  upon  the  non-union  basis ;  that  its  employees  are  not  mem- 
bers of  labor  unions ;  that  each  of  its  employees  has  in  writing  ac- 
cepted employment  by  the  undersigned  on  the  understanding  that 
such  employee  is  not  a  member  of  a  labor  union ;  that  the  under- 
signed maintains  a  non-union  shop,  and  that  during  his  employment 
said  employee  will  not  become  a  member  of  any  labor  union,  and 
will  have  no  dealings,  communications,  or  interviews  with  the 
officers,  agents,  or  members  of  any  labor  union  in  relation  to  mem- 
bership by  such  employee  in  any  labor  union,  or  in  relation  to  the 
employment  of  such  employee.  {Proceedings  of  the  First  Industrial 
Conference,  1919;  p.  234) 

2.  A  plant  in  which  a  labor  union  forbids  its  members 
to  accept  employment.  This  is  sometimes  known  by 
labor  men  as  a  scab,  rat,  unfair,  or  foul  shop. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Cigar  Makers'  International 
Union  provides: 

Sec.  194.  When  a  local  union  shall  decide  to  close  any  shop  to 
the  members  of  the  International  Union,  three  officers  of  the  local 
union  shall  furnish  a  full  statement  of  the  facts  to  the  International 
President,  who  shall  furnish  a  copy  of  the  same  to  the  International 
Executive  Board,  who  shall  have  power  to  approve,  reject,  or 
modify  the  terms  of  the  closing  of  said  shop.  No  shop  shall  be 
closed  unless  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  the  International  Execu- 
tive Board  vote  in  favor  of  the  closures.  {Constitution  of  the  Cigar 
Makers'  International  Union  of  America,  1920) 

See  Individual  Bargaining. 

Old-age  Certificate — A  card  issued  by  a  local  union  to 
an  aged  member  permitting  him  to  work  under  condi- 
tions other  than  those  laid  down  by  the  rules  of  the 
union. 

See  Employment  at  Will. 


58 

Open  Shop — A  plant  in  which  both  union  and  non- 
union labor  is  employed  without  discrimination. 

The  following  statement,  which  was  posted  in  the 
factories  of  one  large  shoe  manufacturing  company,  is 
an  example  of  the  declaration  of  an  open  shop  policy : 

Labor  Unions :     Policy  of  the     ....     Company. 

1.  There  are  several  labor  unions  in  the  shoe  industry. 

2.  The  position  of  this  Company  regarding  each  and  all  of  these 
unions  is  entirely  neutral. 

3.  The  Company  cannot  advise  an  employee  whether  or  not  to 
join  a  union  or  whether  or  not  to  join  any  particular  union.  This 
question  the  employee  must  decide  for  himself. 

4.  The  Company  cannot  allow  any  discrimination  against,  nor 
can  it  favor  any  person  because  of  membership  in  a  labor  union. 
The  Company  must  do  what  it  believes  to  be  right  by  everybody 
working  here. 

5.  The  Company  must  act  toward  all  employees  according  to  the 
facts  in  each  and  every  problem.  All  employees  have  the  right  to  the 
same  treatment  whether  or  not  they  belong  to  this  or  that  organiza- 
tion. 

6.  The  policy  of  this  Company  with  regard  to  becoming  a  union 
shop  has  not  changed.  Any  statement  that  the  Company  intends  to 
compel  employees  to  join  any  particular  union  is  not  true. 

7.  We  have  not  yet  been  convinced  that  the  Company  ought  to 
accept  in  their  entirety  the  principles  and  policies  of  any  one  labor 
union  now  existing  in  the  shoe  manufacturing  industry. 

8.  This  Company  does  intend  to  avoid  committing  any  aggressive 
act  which  is  unjustifiably  antagonistic  to  or  hastily  directed  against 
any  labor  union. 

9.  We  recognize  that  the  true  interests  of  the  Company  and  its 
employees  are  identical.  We  believe  that  the  most  satisfactory 
solution  of  problems  arising  in  this  factory  can  be  had  only  by  frank, 
open  conferences  with  employees,  thus  utilizing  their  understanding 
of  shop  conditions. 

10.  There  should  be  the  freest  possible  opportunity  to  discuss 
problems  with  the  Company  management  either : 

A.  Personally,  direct  with  the  foreman,  employment  supervisor, 
superintendent,  or  general  manager. 


59 

B.  Through  special  committees  chosen  by  the  employees  in  any 
department. 

C.  Through  regularly  elected  general  committees.  If  and  when 
such  committees  are  chosen,  it  is  clear  that  every  employee  should 
have  an  equal  vote. 

Althoug-h  ordinarily  an  open  shop  is  not  established  by- 
written  agreement,  the  following  provision  creating  an 
open  shop  is  included  in  the  trade  agreement  of  the  Bos- 
ton Elevated  Railway  Company : 

Sec.  2.  The  Company  will  do  nothing  to  prevent  or  discourage  any 
employee  from  becoming  or  continuing  to  be  a  member  of  the  Asso- 
ciation, and  will  in  no  way  discriminate  against  a  member  thereof 
because  of  such  membership.  The  Association  will  not  discriminate 
against  any  person  in  the  employ  of  the  Company  because  of  his 
refusal  to  join  the  Association  or  to  continue  a  member  thereof, 
but  if  any  member  of  the  Association  is  expelled  or  suspended  from 
his  membership  therein  for  violation  of  any  of  tbe  provisions  of 
this  agreement,  the  Company,  being  satisfied  that  such  expulsion  or 
suspension  was  for  such  reason  and  was  justifiable,  shall  dismiss 
such  employee  from  its  service.  If  any  member  of  the  Association 
employed  by  the  Company  neglects  or  refuses  to  pay  to  the  Associa- 
tion any  dues  or  assessments  which  have  duly  become  a  liability 
from  him  to  the  Association  during  his  membership  thereof,  and 
while  such  employee,  and  before  notice  in  writing  by  him  to  the 
Secretary  of  Division  No.  589  of  the  Association  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  of  his  desire  and  intention  to  discontinue  his  membership 
therein,  and  shall  continue  such  refusal  to  pay  such  sum  or  sums 
as  are  so  justly  due  from  him  to  the  Association,  after  a  determina- 
tion by  the  Company  of  the  justice  of  the  claims  of  the  Association 
for  such  sums  from  such  employee,  the  Company  will  discharge 
such  employee  from  its  service  or  suspend  him  until  all  such  sums 
have  been  paid.  {Articles  of  Agreement  between  the  Boston 
Elevated  Raihvay  Company  and  Amalgamated  Association  of  Street 
and  Electric  Railway  Employees  of  America  and  Division  5SQ 
Thereof.  May  i,  1919,  to  April  30,  'I920) 

Order,  See  National  or  International  Union. 

Organization — A  group  of  employers  or  of  employees 
with  a  constitutional  form  of  association  and  formulated 
rules  and  regulations  of  procedure. 


6o 

Organized  Labor — The  workers  who  are  organized  in 
trade  and  industrial  unions. 

Outlaw  Organization — 1.  A  labor  union  that  has 
seceded  from  an  organization  such  as  a  national  union  or 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

2.  A  labor  union  whose  charter  has  been  revoked. 

3.  A  labor  union  formed  by  workers  who  have  re- 
nounced their  previous  union  membership  and  affiliations. 

Outlaw  Strike,  See  Strike. 

Outside  Shop — A  small  shop  in  which  work  is  per- 
formed by  contract  on  materials  furnished  by  a  manufac- 
turer. 

Overproduction — Output  in  excess  of  the  quantity  that 
ordinarily  can  be  disposed  of  at  remunerative  prices. 

Overtime — Time  worked  before  or  after  standard  time. 

See  Double  Time ;  Standard  Time ;  Straight  Time ; 
Time  and  One-half. 

Padrone  System — A  nearly  obsolete  system  whereby 
laborers,  usually  Italians,  pay  a  stipulated  amount  daily 
or  weekly  to  the  padrone  or  boss  who  procures  employ- 
ment for  them. 

Part  Time — Employment  for  less  than  standard  time. 

Payoff — Payment  of  the  entire  amount  of  wages  due 
an  employee  at  time  of  quitting  or  discharge. 

Pay-roll  Period — The  period  of  time  for  which  the 
earnings  of  employees  are  computed  as  the  basis  for 
regular  wage  payments. 

Pension — 1.  A  stated  amount  paid  periodically  by  an 
employer  to  a  retired  employee,  according  to  a  predeter- 
mined plan,  in  consideration  for  past  service. 

Under  a  contributory  pension  system,  the  pension  is 
paid  from  a  fund  to  which  the  employee  contributes  a 


b\ 


6i 

stated  portion  of  his  earnings  regularly  during  the  period 
of  his  active  employment. 

Under  a  non-contributory  pension  system,  the  em- 
ployee does  not  make  specific  contributions  to  the  pen- 
sion fund. 

In  some  instances  employees  participate  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  pension  system ;  in  other  cases  the  system  is 
administered  solely  by  the  employer. 

The  pension  system  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company,  for  example,  provides  that  after  twenty-five 
years'  continuous  service  an  employee  is  entitled  to  a 
pension  when  he  reaches  the  age  limit  of  seventy,  or  he 
may  be  retired  at  sixty-five  if  incapacitated ;  retirement  is 
compulsory  at  seventy.  The  pension  is  based  on  1%  of 
the  average  earnings  of  the  ten  years  preceding  retire- 
ment for  each  year  of  service;  i.  e.,  if  the  average  earnings 
of  the  last  ten  years  were  $100  per  month  and  the  length 
of  service  forty  years,  the  pension  would  be  $40  per 
month.  A  pensioner  may  engage  in  other  employment 
outside  the  railroad  without  affecting  his  pension. 

2.     Old-age  benefits  paid  by  labor  unions. 

Picketing — 1.  The  act  of  workmen  in  patrolling  a 
plant  in  which,  a  strike  or  lockout  is  in  progress  in  order  to 
persuade  others  to  refrain  from  accepting  employment  or 
from  continuing  to  work  in  that  plant. 

2.  The  act  of  workmen  in  patrolling  a  plant  in  which 
a  labor  controversy  is  in  progress  in  an  attempt  to  enforce 
a  boycott. 

Piece  Rate — Wages  paid  for  each  unit  of  work  per- 
formed under  a  piecework  system. 

Piecework — A  system  whereby  the  compensation  of 
an  employee  is  based  upon  the  number  of  units  that  he 
produces,  irrespective  of  the  time  required. 


62 

Gang  piecework  is  a  system  of  compensation  of  a 
group  of  employees  in  accordance  with  the  quantity  of 
work  performed  by  the  group.  The  earnings  of  the  group 
ordinarily  are  paid  to  the  gang  boss  in  a  lump  sum  for 
distribution  among  the  members  of  the  gang. 

Plant  Development  Work,  See  Welfare  Work. 

Policing  of  Industry — The  maintenance  by  an  employer 
of  a  staff  of  guards  or  inspectors  for  the  protection  of  a 
plant  against  violence  on  the  outside  or  against  "boring 
from  within"  by  employees ;  also  for  protection  against 
petty  thieving,  fire,  or  any  other  loss. 

Posting  of  Hours — Posting  a  schedule  of  standard 
working  hours  in  a  plant. 

Preferential  Shop— A  plant  in  which  union  members 
are  given  preference  in  employment,  usually  by  a  trade 
agreement. 

One  trade  agreement  provides : 

Each  member  of  the  Association  shall  maintain  a  preferential 
union  shop.  A  preferential  union  shop  is  hereby  defined  to  be  a 
shop  in  which  members  of  the  union  in  good  standing  shall  be 
preferred  in  the  hiring  and  retention  of  help.  The  Association  agrees 
that  its  members  will  not  discriminate  in  any  manner  against  their 
workers  for  union  membership  or  activity.  A  union  worker  within 
the  meaning  of  this  provision  shall  be  a  worker  who  proves  his 
union  membership  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  employer  or  his  rep- 
resentative and  the  shop  chairman.  (Agreement  between  the  Inter- 
national Ladies'  Garment  Workers'  Union  and  the  Cloak,  Suit,  and 
Skirt  Manufacturers'  Protective  Association,  May  29,  1919. — 
Monthly  Labor  Review,  Vol.  IX,  No.  6,  December,  igig;  p.  52) 

Premium  System — A  method  of  compensation  whereby 
the  standard  rate  of  output  is  determined  from  past  ex- 
perience or  through  time  study,  and  the  workman  in  addi- 
tion to  his  hourly  wage  is  paid  a  percentage  of  the  hourly 
rate  for  any  time  saved  by  performing  the  task  in  less 
than  the  allotted  time.    Day  wages  are  guaranteed  to  all 


63 

employees  working  under  the  premium  system.  Thus, 
if  the  allotted  time  is  8  hours  and  the  work  is  performed 
in  6  hours,  the  workman  receives  his  hourly  wage  for  6 
hours  plus  a  bonus  of  25%  to  50%  of  the  hourly  wage  for 
the  2  hours  saved. 

Printing  Trades'  Unions^ — In  the  printing  trades,  which 
are  engaged  in  the  production  of  newspapers,  magazines, 
books,  and  job  work,  the  following  national  and  interna- 
tional unions  are  represented : 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership  ' 

1920 
International    Typographical    Union    of    North 

America  70,500 

International  Printing  Pressmen  and  Assistants' 

Union  of  North  America   35,000 

International  Brotherhood  of  Bookbinders   ....      20,700 
Lithographers'  International  Protective  and  Ben- 
eficial Association  of  the  United  States  and 

Canada  6,100 

International  Photo-Engravers'  Union  of  North 

America  5,900 

International    Stereotypers'    and    Electrotypers' 

Union  of  North  America 5,900 

International  Steel  and  Copper  Plate  Printers' 

Union  of  North  America   1,400 

Machine  Printers  and  Color  Mixers 500 

The    Steel    Plate    Transferrers'    Association    of 

America   100 

Prison  Labor — Productive  labor  performed  by  con- 
victs. 

In  the  United  States  there  are  five  systems  under  which 

^Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


64 

convicts  are  employed  : — lease,  contract,  piece-price,  state- 
account,  and  state-use  systems. 

Under  the  lease  system,  the  convicts  are  hired  out  to 
a  private  party  for  a  definite  period  of  time,  the  state 
receiving  a  specified  sum  of  money  and  the  lessee  agree- 
ing to  feed,  clothe,  and  shelter  the  convicts  and  to  main- 
tain discipline.  The  lessee  frequently  sub-leases  the  con- 
victs for  work  on  farms,  mines,  or  roads. 

Under  the  contract  and  piece-price  systems,  the  con- 
victs work  in  the  prison  for  a  contractor  who  furnishes 
the  material  and  owns  the  product.  For  the  services  of 
the  convicts,  the  contractor  pays  the  state  a  specified 
amount  per  day  for  each  man,  or  per  piece  of  product, 
the  state  furnishing  in  some  cases  power,  rent,  light,  and 
water. 

Under  the  state-account  system,  the  state  employs 
prison  labor  in  manufacturing  and  sells  the  product  in  the 
open  market. 

Under  the  state-use  system,  the  state  employs  prison 
labor  in  the  manufacture  of  products  for  use  in  other  state 
departments  and  institutions. 

The  lease,  contract,  piece-price,  and  state-account  sys- 
tems come  into  direct  competition  with  other  labor  in  the 
open  market.  They  are  considered  vicious  by  labor  men 
and  by  makers  of  competing  products. 

Production — ^See  Continuity  of  Production ;  Overpro- 
duction; Standard  Production. 

Profit — Net  profit  is  the  amount  that  a  business  earns 
over  and  above  the  cost  of  materials  or  merchandise  pur- 
chased and  expense  charges  of  every  sort. 

According  to  the  practice  that  the  Harvard  Bureau  of 
Business  Research  has  established  in  its  accounting  sys- 
tems for  retail  and  wholesale  businesses,  the  expenses 
that  are  deducted  include  such  items  as  wages  paid  to 


65 

employees,  depreciation  of  equipment,  and  also  a  fair 
salary  for  the  proprietor  or  partners,  rent  whether  the 
store  is  owned  or  leased,  and  interest  on  the  net  invest- 
ment in  the  business.  Net  profit  is  thus  distinguished 
from  interest  and  is  not  considered  as  a  return  upon  the 
investment,  but  rather  as  the  result  of  good  management, 
or  occasionally  of  fortuitous  circumstances. 

Profit  Sharing — A  system  whereby  each  of  a  substan- 
tial number  of  employees  receives  a  portion  of  the  net 
profit  of  a  business  in  accordance  with  a  clearly  defined, 
predetermined  plan. 

Burritt,  Dennison,  Gay,  Heilman,  and  Kendall :  Profit  Sharing. 
(Harper  &  Brothers,  1920.)  Boris  Emmet:  "Profit  Sharing  in  the 
United  States,"  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  Bureau  of  Labor 
Statistics,  Bulletin  No.  208,  December,  1916. 

Promotion — Advancement  of  an  employee  to  a  superior 
position  usually  because  of  proficiency  or  on  the  basis  of 
seniority.  For  example,  promotion  for  the  employees  of 
some  railroads  usually  is  made  only  by  seniority. 

Protective  Fund,  See  Strike  Fund. 

Protocol,  See  Trade  Agreement. 

Railroad  Employees'  Unions — Among  the  workmen 
employed  in  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  railroads 
the  following  national  and  international  unions  are  rep- 
resented : 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership 

1920 

Brotherhood  of  Railway  Trainmen^ 184,500 

Brotherhood  Railway  Carmen  of  America  ^  .  . .  .      182,100 

*  Not  affiliated  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor ;  mem- 
bership figures  obtained  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Union. 

'  Membership  figures  obtained  from  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  1920;  pp.  36-38. 


(6 

United    Brotherhood    of    Maintenance    of    Way 

Employees  and  Railway  Shop  Laborers  ^ .  . .  .  154,060 
Brotherhood  of   Locomotive  Firemen  and   En- 

ginemen  ^ 125,862 

Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers  ^ 86,697 

Order  of  Railroad  Conductors  of  America^....      56,000 

The  Order  of  Railroad  Telegraphers  ^ 48,700 

Brotherhood  of  Railway  and  Steamship  Clerks, 
Freight  Handlers,  Express  and  Station  Em- 
ployees 3 18,600 

Switchmen's  Union  of  North  America  ^ 14,000 

Brotherhood  of  Railway  Signalmen  of  America  ^      12,300 

Order  of  Railroad  Station  Agents  * 9,000 

Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Patrolmen  ^  2,600 

Order  of  Sleeping  Car  Conductors  ^ L200 

The  total  membership  figures  of  the  following  unions 
include  workmen  employed  not  only  by  the  railroads  but 
also  in  other  industries: 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership  ° 

1920 

International  Association  of  Machinists 330,800 

International  Brotherhood  of  Electrical  Workers 

of  America   139,000 

International  Brotherhood  of  Boiler  Makers  and 

Iron  Ship  Builders  and  Helpers  of  America.  .     103,000 

*  Suspended  from  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1919 ;  mem- 
bership figures  obtained  from  the  President  of  the  Union. 

*  Not  affiliated  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor ;  mem- 
bership figures  obtained  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Union. 

^  Membership  figures  olitained  from  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of 
the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor,  1920 ;  pp.  36-38. 

*  Membership  figures  o1)tained  from  the  President  of  the  Union. 
*  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 

of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


67 

International  Brotherhood  of  Blacksmiths,  Drop 

Forgers  and  Helpers   48,300 

Amalgamated  Sheet  Metal  Workers'  Interna- 
tional Alliance  21,800 

Rate  Cutting — Reducing  a  piece  rate  with  the  result 
that  it  is  necessary  for  an  employee  to  turn  out  a  larger 
quantity  of  product  in  order  to  earn  as  large  an  amount 
as  before  the  rate  was  changed. 

Rate  of  Wages,  See  Wage. 

Rate  Setting — 1.  Fixing  the  rate  of  wages  to  be  paid 
for  each  piece  of  work  performed  under  a  piecework  sys- 
tem. The  piece  rate  ordinarily  is  fixed  at  an  amount  that 
will  yield  an  employee  earnings  equal  to  the  current 
market  rate  in  similar  occupations  provided  the  employee 
produces  the  estimated  number  of  pieces  per  hour  or  per 
day  with  proportionately  higher  earnings  as  he  increases 
his  output.  The  number  of  pieces  of  work  to  be  produced 
in  a  given  time  by  an  employee  is  estimated  in  some  cases 
by  guess-work,  in  others  from  past  records,  or  time  study. 
In  1920  the  International  Ladies'  Garment  Workers' 
Union  and  the  Cleveland  Garment  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation cooperated  to  determine  by  means  of  time  study 
the  reasonable  rate  of  output  per  employee  and  a  fair 
rate  of  wages  to  be  paid. 

2.  Fixing  the  rate  of  wages  to  be  paid  per  day  or  per 
week. 

Rating  Scale,  See  Wage  Scale. 

Recognition  of  Union — An  agreement  whereby  an  em- 
ployer undertakes  to  deal  with  representatives  of  a  labor 
union  in  adjusting  conditions  of  labor  in  those  occupa- 
tions in  his  establishment  in  which  union  members  are 
employed. 

Referendum  Vote — A  vote  by  members  of  a  labor  union 


68 

upon  a  question  that  has  been  referred  to  the  union  as  a 
whole,  such  as  an  amendment,  strike,  or  election  of 
officers. 

Reinstatement  Without  Prejudice — Reinstatement  of  a 
discharged  employee  without  the  forfeiture  of  any  rights 
that  he  previously  has  earned  or  enjoyed,  such  as  priority 
of  service  or  bonus. 

Representatives  of  Their  Own  Choosing — Representa- 
tives selected  by  employees  freely,  according  to  their  own 
judgment,  from  coworkers  in  the  same  plant,  from  mem- 
bers of  a  labor  union,  or  from  other  counsel. 

Restriction  of  Output — 1.  Act  of  an  employer  in  cur- 
tailing production  through  such  means  as  layoff,  part 
time  operation,  or  complete  cessation  of  operation  in  order 
to  create  a  scarcity  of  the  product.  The  restriction  of 
output  may  be  effected  either  with  or  without  fixing  a 
maximum  limit  to  the  quantity  to  be  produced. 

2.  Act  of  one  or  more  employees  in  reducing  output 
below  the  normal  quantity  in  an  attempt  to  insure  con- 
tinuous employment  or  maintenance  of  wages. 

Retainer,  See  Allowance. 

Retirement  Allowance,  See  Pension. 

Retiring  Card,  See  Withdrawal  Card. 

Right  of  Individual  Freedom  of  Action — The  right  of 
individual  bargaining. 

Right  of  Transfer — 1.  The  right  of  a  manager  to 
transfer  an  employee  from  one  division  in  a  plant  to 
another. 

2.  The  right  of  a  member  of  a  union  to  transfer  from 
one  local  union  to  another. 

See  Transfer  Card. 

Right  to  Discharge — The  right  of  an  employer  to  dis- 


(>9 

charge  an  employee  without  regard  to  union  membership 
or  other  restrictions. 

Several  unions,  for  example  the  Amalgamated  Clothing 
Workers  of  America,  deny  the  exercise  of  this  right  un- 
less each  case  is  submitted  to  a  committee  of  employees 
for  hearing  and  decision;  but  the  Cigar  Makers'  Interna- 
tional Union  recognizes  the  right  to  discharge  without 
hearing. 

Sabotage — Willful  destruction  of  the  property  of  an 
employer  by  employees. 

Scab — 1.     A  strikebreaker. 

2.  A  member  of  a  union  who  works  under  conditions 
that  are  not  in  accordance  with  union  regulations. 

Scamping — 1.  Intentional  failure  of  an  employee  to 
perform  his  task  properly. 

2.  Practice  of  an  employee  who  exceeds  his  customary 
rate  of  output  under  conditions  that  lead  his  fellow- 
workers  to  believe  that  he  is  seeking  personal  gain  to 
their  disadvantage  or  acting  contrary  to  their  mutual  un- 
derstanding of  what  constitutes  the  proper  rate  of  pro- 
duction. 

3.  Act  of  an  employer  in  attracting  labor  from  com- 
petitors by  underhand  methods. 

Schedule,  See  Schedule  of  Hours ;  Trade  Agreement ; 
Wage  Schedule. 

Schedule  of  Hours — A  document  stating  the  hours 
formally  agreed  to  by  employer  and  employees  as  con- 
stituting standard  time. 

Seniority — The  status  of  an  employee  according  to 
length  of  service ;  frequently  the  basis  for  preference  in 
promotion,  in  selection  of  work,  and  in  retention  of  posi- 
tion when  a  layoff  occurs  or  when  the  plant  is  operated 
on  part  time.     In  the  settlement  of  a  strike,  provision 


70 

sometimes  is  made  that  unless  an  employee  returns  to  his 
former  position  by  a  stated  date  he  shall  forfeit  his  right 
of  seniority. 

Service  Work,  See  Welfare  Work. 

Settlement — Award  ;  terms  accepted  for  the  adjustment 
of  a  dispute  or  controversy  between  employer  and  em- 
ployees. 

Shift — 1.  The  change  of  one  set  of  employees  for 
another  in  plants  that  are  operated  continuously  or  for 
more  than  one  working  period  in  any  one  day. 

2.  The  period  of  time  during  which  a  group  of  em- 
ployees regularly  performs  its  task,  such  as  the  day  shift, 
the  night  shift,  the  first  shift,  the  second  shift,  the  third 
shift,  or  the  lobster  shift  which  does  not  conform  to  the 
period  of  a  regular  shift.  An  alternating  shift  is  an  ar- 
rangement under  which  each  group  of  workmen  alter- 
nates its  working  period  between  the  night  shift  and  the 
day  shift,  usually  at  weekly  intervals.  A  rotating  shift 
is  an  arrangement  under  which  each  group  of  workmen 
on  a  three-shift  system  changes  its  working  period  from 
one  shift  to  another  usually  at  weekly  intervals.  See 
Trade  Agreement. 

In  railroad  work  a  shift  often  is  called  a  trick.  Railroad 
dispatchers  and  operators  in  twenty-four-hour  offices,  for 
example,  commonly  work  three  tricks — first  trick,  12  M. 
to  8  A.  M.,  second  trick,  8  A.  M.  to  4  P.  M.,  third  trick, 
4  P.  M.  to  12  M. 

3.  A  group  of  employees  working  during  a  shift 
period. 

Shop  Card,  See  Union  Card. 

Shop  Collector— A  member  of  a  labor  union  delegated 
by  the  union  to  collect  dues  and  assessments  from  its 
members  in  the  plant  in  which  the  collector  is  employed. 


71 

Sometimes  the  shop  collector  is  also  delegated  to 
represent  the  union  in  adjusting  any  difficulty  that  may 
arise  in  the  plant.  He  also  may  act  as  shop  chairman, 
shop  deputy,  or  shop  steward. 

Shop  Committee  System — A  system  of  employee  rep- 
resentation in  a  single  plant  whereby  one  or  more  com- 
mittees of  the  employees  confer  or  bargain  with  the  em- 
ployer or  his  representatives  for  the  adjustment  of  con- 
ditions of  labor  and  the  settlement  of  disputes  in  the 
plant.    ■ 

Some  shop  committee  systems  are  established  by  agree- 
ment between  employers  and  labor  unions ;  others  are 
organized  in  individual  plants  without  relation  to  labor 
unions. 

A  union  shop  committee  is  one  representing  a  labor 
union  in  the  enforcement  in  a  particular  plant  of  the 
terms  of  a  local  or  national  trade  agreement  or  the  work- 
ing rules  of  the  union.  In  case  of  disagreement  regard- 
ing the  interpretation  of  the  trade  agreement  provision 
is  generally  made  for  appeal  to  a  higher  tribunal. 

The  duties  and  functions  of  a  union  shop  committee  of 
the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  as  defined  in  a  dis- 
trict trade  agreement  are  as  follows : 

Settlement  of  local  and  general  disputes. 

(a)  In  case  any  disputes  or  grievances  arise  under  this  agree- 
ment or  any  local  agreement  made  in  connection  therewith,  whether 
the  dispute  or  grievance  is  claimed  to  have  arisen  by  the  company, 
or  any  person  or  persons  employed,  or  by  the  men  as  a  whole,  then 
the  parties  shall  endeavor  to  settle  the  matter  as  hereinafter  pro- 
vided. But  before  any  grievances  or  disputes  shall  be  submitted  to 
the  pit  committee,  the  person  or  persons  affected  shall  endeavor,  by 
personal  application  to  the  pit  boss,  overman,  or  foreman  in  charge 
of  the  work  where  the  dispute  arises,  to  settle  the  matter,  and  in 
the  event  of  them  agreeing  their  decision  shall  be  final. 

(b)  In  case  of  any  local  dispute  arising  in  any  mine  and  failure 
to  agree  between  the  pit  boss,  overman,  or  foreman  in  charge  of  the 


72 

work  where  the  dispute  arises  and  any  employee,  the  pit  committee 
and  mine  superintendent  or  mine  manager  shall  endeavor  to  settle 
the  matter,  and  if  they  agree  their  decision  shall  be  final. 

(c)  In  the  event  of  the  failure  of  the  pit  committee  and  the  mine 
superintendent  or  mine  manager  to  settle  any  dispute  so  referred  to 
them,  as  well  as  in  the  event  of  other  disputes  arising,  the  matter  in 
dispute  shall  be  referred  in  writing  to  the  commissioner  of  the 
Western  Canada  Coal  Operators'  Association  and  the  president  of 
District  No.  i8,  United  Mine  Workers  of  America,  who  shall  meet 
as  soon  as  practicable,  and  not  in  any  event  later  than  14  days,  with 
a  joint  committee  of  six,  composed  of  the  commissioner  of  the 
Western  Canada  Coal  Operators'  Association,  the  general  manager 
or  general  superintendent  of  the  mine  where  the  dispute  arose,  and 
another  appointed  by  him,  the  president  of  District  No.  18,  United 
Mine  Workers  of  America,  the  president  or  secretary  of  the  local 
where  the  dispute  arose,  and  one  other  district  officer.  If  they  agree, 
their  decision  shall  be  binding  upon  both  parties.  In  the  event  of 
their  failure  to  agree,  they  shall  endeavor  to  select  an  independent 
chairman,  and  failing  to  agree  upon  an  independent  chairman,  the 
commissioner  of  the  Western  Canada  Coal  Operators'  Association 
and  the  president  of  District  No.  18,  United  Mine  Workers  of 
America,  shall  ask  the  Minister  of  Labor  to  appoint  such  chairman. 
The  decision  of  the  committee  thus  constituted  shall  be  binding 
upon  both  parties,  provided,  however,  during  the  term  of  office  of 
the  director  of  coal  operations,  he  shall  act  as  or  appoint  the  in- 
dependent chairman  mentioned  herein. 

(d)  In  the  meantime,  and  in  all  cases  while  disputes  are  being 
investigated  and  settled,  the  miners,  mine  laborers,  and  all  other 
parties  involved  must  continue  to  work  pending  investigation  and 
until  final  decision  has  been  reached ;  but  where  miner,  miners,  mine 
laborer,  or  mine  laborers  has  or  have  been  discharged  by  the  com- 
pany, he  or  they  shall  not  remain  in  the  employ  of  the  company 
while  his  or  their  case  is  being  investigated  and  settled.  If  the  claim 
be  made  within  five  days  where  a  man  or  men  has  or  have  been 
unjustly  discharged,  the  case  shall  be  dealt  with  according  to  this 
article,  and  if  it  is  proven  that  he  or  they  have  been  unjustly  dealt 
with,  he  or  they  shall  be  reinstated.  If  a  claim  is  made  for  com- 
pensation for  time  lost,  in  cases  where  reinstatement  has  followed, 
it  shall  be  left  to  the  joint  committee  as  provided  for  in  subsection 
(c)  to  decide  what  amount  (if  any)  is  to  be  paid. 


73 

(e)  Any  breach  of  this  agreement  by  any  of  the  parties  hereto 
is  not  to  void  the  said  agreement,  but  the  same  is  to  be  continued 
in  full  force  and  efifect. 

(f)  If  the  commissioner  of  the  Western  Canada  Coal  Operators' 
Association  or  the  president  of  District  No.  i8,  United  Mine  Work- 
ers of  America,  is  unable,  on  account  of  sickness  or  absence  from 
the  district,  to  attend  to  the  duties  hereinafter  set  out,  these  duties 
in  the  first  instance  would  be  assumed  by  either  the  president  or 
vice-president  of  the  Western  Canada  Coal  Operators'  Association, 
and  in  the  second  instance  by  either  the  vice-president  or  secretary 
of  District  No.  ;i8,  United  Mine  Workers  of  America,  due  notice  of 
who  would  attend  to  these  duties  to  be  sent  immediately,  in  the  first 
instance,  to  the  party  of  the  first  part  and  in  the  second  instance 
to  the  party  of  the  second  part. 

(g)  All  settlements  and  decisions  that  have  been  made  and  are 
in  efifect  should  be  considered  in  taking  up  disputes  during  the  life 
of  this  agreement. 

Duties  of  pit  committee. — The  pit  committee  shall  be  a  committee 
of  three  to  each  mine  or  other  plant  covered  by  this  agreement, 
selected  by  the  employees  working  at  such  mine  or  other  plant  from 
among  their  own  number,  except  one  member  may  be  a  check- 
weighman  or  an  officer  of  the  local  union,  not  necessarily  an  em- 
ployee of  the  company.  This  member  must  previously  have  been 
selected  as  checkweighman  or  officer  from  amongst  the  employees 
of  the  aforesaid  mine  or  other  plant.  Due  notice  of  such  selection, 
properly  certified  in  writing,  shall  be  given  to  the  company. 

The  duties  of  the  pit  committee  shall  be  confined  to  the  settlement 
of  disputes  between  the  pit  boss  or  foreman  and  any  employee  work- 
ing in  or  around  the  mines,  arising  out  of  this  agreement  and  all 
agreements  made  in  connection  therewith,  the  pit  boss  or  foreman, 
and  man  or  men,  having  failed  to  agree. 

The  pit  committee  in  discharge  of  its  duties  shall  under  no  cir- 
cumstances go  around  the  mine  for  any  cause  whatever,  unless  called 
upon  by  the  pit  boss  or  foreman  or  by  a  miner  or  dayman  who  may 
have  a  grievance  which  he  has  first  tried  to  and  can  not  settle  with 
the  boss. 

Members  of  the  pit  committee  employed  as  daymen  shall  not 
leave  their  places  of  duty  during  working  hours  except  by  permis- 
sion of  the  pit  boss  or  foreman,  or  in  cases  involving  the  stoppage 
of  the  mine.     (Agreement  between  District  No.   i8  of  the  United 


74 

Mine  Workers  of  America  and  the  Western  Canada  Coal  Operators' 
Association,  July  20,  1920,  Monthly  Labor  Review,  Vol.  IX,  No.  5, 
November,  1920;  pp.  148-149) 

The  shop  committee  systems  organized  in  individual 
plants  or  by  single  companies  without  relation  to  a  labor 
union  differ  widely  in  the  form  of  their  organization  and 
in  the  scope  of  their  functions. 

The  following  statement  gives  the  plan  of  employee 
representation  adopted  by  one  manufacturing  company : 

It  is  the  idea  of  the  plan  to  determine  all  questions  of  manage- 
ment and  policy  concerning  the  Shop  and  Office  by  conference  of 
Committees.  For  this  purpose  the  following  Committees,  to  serve 
all  employees  of  the  Company  by  direct  representation,  are  arranged 
for: 

1.  The  General  Shop  Committee. 

2.  Foremen's  Committee. 

3.  The  General  Office  Committee. 

4.  Management   Committee. 

The  duties  and  organization  of  these  Committees  are  outlined  in 
the  following  pages. 

General  Shop  Committee. 

This  shall  be  composed  of  twelve  members,  one  elected  from  each 
of  the  following  groups : 

Group     I.     Blacksmith  Shop. 

Group    2.     Boiler  and  Pipe  Shop. 

Group    3.     Copper  Shop. 

Group    4.     Extinguisher  Shop. 

Group  5.  Foundry,  Casting  House,  Rough  Grinders,  Sand  Blast, 
Shipping  Room  and  Yard  Gang. 

Group  6.  Tool  Room,  Brass  Shop,  Grinding  Room,  and  Main- 
tenance Room. 

Group    7.     Machine  Shop  and  Screw  Machine  Department. 

Group  8.  Steamer  Erecting,  Steamer  Assembly,  Chassis  Test, 
Motor  Assembly,  Truck  Shop,  Wagon  Shop  and  Experimental 
Department. 

Group    9.     Paint  Shop. 

Group  10.     Polishing  and  Nickel  Plating. 

Group  II.     Miscellaneous. 

Group  12.    Wood  Shop. 


75 

Elections. 

For  the  purpose  of  conducting  elections  the  General  Shop  Com- 
mittee shall  appoint  an  Election  Committee  of  three  of  their  number 
to  serve  for  their  term  of  office  on  the  Shop  Committee. 

The  Election  Committee  shall  appoint  Nominating  Committees  in 
each  group.  At  least  two  men  shall  be  nominated  from  each  group. 
A  blank  space  shall  be  left  on  the  ballot  for  the  purpose  of  writing 
in  any  other  name  not  so  nominated  and  the  man  receiving  the 
highest  number  of  votes  in  that  group  shall  be  elected. 

Eligibility. 

No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  election  as  a  member  of  the  General 
Shop  Committee  who  has  not  taken  out  first  papers  as  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  and  been  in  the  employ  of  the  Company  at  least 
one  year,  or  who  is  not  yet  twenty-one  years  old. 

Any  man  is  eligible  to  vote  for  a  General  Shop  Committee  mem- 
ber immediately  upon  his  employment  by  the  Company. 

*  *    *    * 

Meetings. 

Regular  meetings  of  this  Committee  shall  be  held  once  a  month 

during  working  hours  and  in  the  offices  of  the  company.     Date  of 

such    meeting   shall    remain   the    same   throughout    the   year.     The 

Chairman  shall  call  a  special  meeting  at  the  request  of  five  members. 

♦  ♦    ♦    ♦ 

Duties. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Shop  Committee  to  consult, 
work  out  with  the  Management  Committee  and  determine  all  phases 
of  management,  directly  affecting  Shop  policies.  For  the  better 
handling  of  its  work,  the  Committee  may  appoint  through  its  Chair- 
man, Sub-Committees  to  deal  with  such  questions  as  employment 
and  discharge  of  men,  sanitation  and  safety,  wages  and  hours, 
economies,  suggestions,  etc.,  which  come  under  this  head. 
Departmental  Representation. 

There  shall  also  be  appointed  by  the  General  Shop  Committee, 
one  or  two  men  in  each  Department  of  the  Shop,  to  act  as  its  rep- 
resentatives. These  representatives  shall  refer  all  questions  affect- 
ing the  Shop,  such  as  employment  and  discharge  of  men,  sanitation 
and  safety,  wages  and  hours,  economies,  suggestions,  or  any  other 
questions,  to  the  attention  of  the  General  Shop  Committee  through 
the  committee  men  of  his  group,  for  their  consideration  or  discus- 
sion with  the  Management  Committee.     They  shall  also  co-operate 


1^ 


in  carrying  out,  in  their  Departments,  the  poHcies   determined  by 
the  General  Shop  and  Management  Committees. 

Departmental  representation  shall  be  on  the  following  basis : 


One- 
One- 
One 
One 
One 
One 
One- 
One— 
One- 
One— 
One 
One—: 
One 


n  Blacksmith  Shop. 

n  Carpenter  Shop. 

n  Copper  Shop. 

n  Boiler  Shop. 

n  Foundry. 

n  Tool  Room. 

n  Brass  Shop. 

n  Grinding  Room. 

n  Screw  Machine. 

n  Machine  Shop  (North  End). 

n  Machine  Shop  (South  End). 

n  Polishing  and  Nickel  Plating. 

n  Shipping  Room  and  Yard  Gang. 


One — from  Truckers. 


One 

One 

One—; 

One 

One— i 

One 

One 

One 

One 

One— i 

One 

One 

One— 


n  Sand  Blast. 

n  Rough  Grinding. 

n  Bar  Stock. 

n  Hardening  Room. 

n  Drayage  and  Receiving  Room. 

n  Chassis  Floor. 

n  Motor  Assembly. 

n  Truck  Floor. 

n  Extinguisher  Department. 

n  Paint  Shop. 

n  Wagon  Floor. 

n  Final  Finishing  Department. 

n  Minor  Assembly. 

4<     *     <■     « 


Savings  Committee. 

1.  There  shall  be  a  Savings  Committee  of  six  members,  three  of 
these  to  be  elected  from  the  General  Shop  Committee  and  three 
appointed  by  the  Management  Committee. 

2.  This  Committee  shall  meet  once  a  month  to  decide  on  the 
relative  efificicncy  of  the  Plant  and  of  the  savings  made  during  the 
month. 

3.  They  shall  recommend  to  the  General  Shop  Committee  and 
the   Management  Committee  the  basis  of   savings  distribution  for 


n 

the  current  month,  which  will  remain  in  force  as  approved  by  the 
Management  Committee  and  the  General  Shop  Committee  until 
changed  by  them. 

Foremen's   Committee. 

1.  The  Foremen's  Committee  shall  consist  of  five  Foremen 
elected  by  the  Foremen  of  the  Plant. 

2.  This  Committee  shall  elect  a  Chairman  and  a  Secretary. 

Duties. 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  Committee  to  consider  any  suggestions 
for  the  better  and  smoother  working  of  the  Departments  through- 
out the  Shop ;  to  consider  complaints  brought  up  by  Foremen  of 
the  various  Departments  and  to  act  with  the  General  Shop  Com- 
mittee where  necessary,  whenever  they  can  be  of  service  in  settling 
questions  between  Departments  or  between  any  Foreman  and  his 
men.  It  shall  be  their  duty  to  act  with  the  General  Office  Com- 
mittee as  an  Advisory  Committee  to  the  Management  Committee 
whenever  called  upon.  It  shall  also  be  their  duty  to  act  with  the 
other  Committees  in  the  organization  on  any  questions  where  Fore- 
men or  their  Departments  are  involved. 

*    *    *    ♦ 

Meetings. 
The  Foremen's  Committee  shall  meet  regularly  at  least  once  a 
month,  but  may  be  called  together  by  the  Chairman  at  other  periods 
should  the  necessity  arise.  The  Foremen's  Committee  will  meet  at 
stated  intervals  with  the  General  Office  Committee,  to  discuss  any 
matters  involving  the  relations  of  the  Shop  Departments  and  Office 
Departments. 

General  Office  Committee. 

1.  This  Committee  shall  consist  of  five  men  from  the  office  ap- 
pointed by  the  Management  Committee  for  a  period  of  one  year. 

2.  They  shall  elect  a  Chairman  and  a  Secretary. 

Duties. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this  Committee  to  consider  any  suggestions 
for  the  better  and  smoother  working  of  the  Departments  throughout 
the  Office. 

It  shall  be  their  duty  to  consider  complaints  brought  up  by  any 
member  of  the  Office  Organization ;  to  appoint  any  Sub-Committees 
necessary  to  accomplish  its  work;  to  act  in  conjunction  with  the 
Foremen's  Committee  as  an  Advisory  Committee  to  the  Management 
Committee  whenever  called  upon  and  to  bring  to  the  attention  of 


78 

the  other  Committees  in  the  organization,  any  questions  affecting 
the  relations  of  the  Office  Departments  with  the  Departments  of 
which  the  other  Committees  are  representatives.  Any  decision 
affecting  the  office  organization  shall  have  the  approval  of  the 
Management  Committee  and  General  Office  Committee. 

Departmental  Representation. 

The  General  Office  Committee  shall  appoint  representatives  in 
the  different  branches  of  the  Office  Organization.  It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  these  representatives  to  consider  any  complaints,  any 
criticisms  of  existing  methods  and  any  suggestions  for  improve- 
ments coming  to  their  attention.  Such  matters  should  be  discussed 
by  them  with  the  Heads  of  their  respective  branches  of  the  Organ- 
ization. Should  they  fail  to  reach  an  agreement,  or  should  they  be 
unable  to  correct  the  troubles  under  discussion,  it  shall  then  be  the 
duty  of  the  representative  to  bring  the  matter  before  the  General 
Office  Committee.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Office  Com- 
mittee in  such  cases  to  correct  the  existing  difficulty.  Should  the 
trouble  be  of  such  nature  that  the  General  Office  Committee  cannot 
settle  it,  the  Committee  can  then  present  the  matter  to  the  Manage- 
ment Committee. 

Departmental  representation  shall  be  on  the  following  basis : 

Two — in  Cost  Department. 

One — in  Time  Department. 

One — in  Traffic  Department. 

Three — in  Stock  and  Production. 

One — in  Inspection  Department. 

Two — in  Efficiency  Department. 

One — in  Purchasing  Department. 

Three— in  Apparatus  Sales. 

Three — in  Sundry  Sales. 

One — in  Administration — Filing. 

Three — in  Credit — Comptroller. 

One — in  Engineering  General. 

Two — in  Draughting. 

One — in  Specification  Department. 

One — in  Bills  of  Material. 

One — in  Service  Department. 

Two — in  Accounting — General   Bookkeeping. 

Two — in  Billing  Department. 


79 

Management  Committee. 

1.  The  Management  Committee  shall  consist  of  five  men  ap- 
pointed by  the  Company — President,  Treasurer,  Works  Manager, 
Assistant  to  the  Works  Manager,  General  Foreman. 

2.  It  shall  meet  with  the  General  Shop  Committee  regularly  once 
a  month,  or  as  often  as  necessary. 

3.  Three  of  its  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  such  a 
meeting. 

4.  The  majority  vote  at  such  a  meeting  of  the  Management  Com- 
mittee shall  be  the  decision  of  the  Committee. 

Advisory. 

1.  There  shall  be  an  Advisory  Committee  to  the  Management 
Committee  composed  of  the  Foremen's  Committee  and  the  General 
Office  Committee. 

2.  They  shall  meet  with  the  Management  Committee,  as  required, 
to  discuss  the  Shop  policies  brought  up  to  them  by  the  General  Shop 
Committee. 

{The  Plan  of  Co-Operative  Management  Adopted  by  the  Com- 
pany and  Its  Employees — American-LaFrance  Fire  Engine  Com- 
pany, Inc.,  Elmira,  New  York,  May,  1919) 

Shop  Deputy — A  member  of  a  labor  union  delegated  to 
represent  the  union  in  adjusting  any  dispute  that  may 
occur  in  the  plant  in  which  he  is  employed.  He  may  col- 
lect dues  and  assessments  from  union  members ;  also 
known  as  a  shop  chairman  or  a  shop  steward. 

Shop  Steward,  See  Shop  Deputy. 

Shutdown — A  stoppage  of  the  operation  of  a  plant  or  a 
department  by  an  employer  for  such  reasons  as  lack  of 
materials  or  lack  of  demand  for  the  product,  usually 
without  reference  to  a  labor  dispute. 

Skilled  Laborer — A  workman  who  has  mastered  the 
technical  requirements  of  a  craft ;  a  journeyman. 

Sliding  Scale,  See  Wage  Scale. 

Soldiering — The  intentional  failure  of  an  employee  to 
produce  the  quantity  of  work  of  which  he  is  readily 
capable. 


8o 

Speed  Boss — 1.  An  expert  mechanic  in  a  machine  shop 
who  instructs  the  workmen  in  performing  work  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  best  methods. 

2.     A  tasksetter. 

Speeding-Up — The  act  of  inducing  or  forcing  an  em- 
ployee to  increase  his  rate  of  production  beyond  his 
customary  rate. 

Stamp,  See  Union  Label. 

Standard  Production — 1.  Quantity  of  work  that  an 
employee  normally  performs  during  a  specified  period 
of  time. 

2.  The  predetermined  quantity  of  work  established  as 
a  standard  for  an  employee  or  employees  after  thorough 
investigation  usually  including  standardization  of  meth- 
ods, time  study,  and  motion  study. 

3.  The  normal  output  of  a  plant  when  working  at  full 
capacity. 

Standard  Rate  of  Wages,  See  Wage. 

Standard  Time — 1.  The  hours  within  which  the 
normal  day's  work  or  the  normal  week's  work,  as  agreed 
upon  between  employer  and  employees,  is  to  be  per- 
formed. 

The  standard  day  denotes  the  hour  at  which  the  normal 
day's  work  shall  commence,  the  hour  at  which  it  shall 
end,  and  the  time  allotted  for  lunch.  For  example,  if  the 
hours  agreed  upon  start  at  8  A.  M.  and  run  until  12  M. 
and  from  1  to  5  P.  M.,  this  is  the  standard  time.  Infringe- 
ments of  these  regular  hours  ordinarily  are  construed 
as  overtime.  If  an  employee's  standard  time  commences 
at  8  A.  M.  and  his  employer  orders  him  to  report  for 
work  at  6  A.  M.,  the  time  worked  prior  to  8  A.  M.  usually 
is  construed  as  overtime. 

On  the  street  railways  of  Boston,  to  take  another  ex- 


ample,  an  eight-hour  platform  day  is  the  standard  day. 
According  to  the  agreement,  the  work  must  be  performed 
within  a  spread  (outside  time)  of  fourteen  hours.  Sixty 
per  cent  of  the  schedule  runs  must  be  within  eleven  hours 
and  forty  per  cent  must  be  within  eleven  to  fourteen 
hours. 

Articles  of  Agreement  between  the  Boston  Elevated  Railway 
Company  and  Amalgamated  Association  of  Street  and  Electric 
Railway  Employees  of  America,  and  Division  589  Thereof,  May  i, 
1919,  to  April  30,  1920. 

An  eight-hour  day  is  any  eight  working  hours  during 
the  twenty-four  hours  mutually  agreed  upon  between 
employer  and  employees  as  constituting  standard  time. 
The  basic  eight-hour  day  is  eight  hours'  work  per  day 
according  to  a  standard  schedule  with  extra  compensation 
for  all  hours  worked  beyond  the  standard  time.  The 
straight  eight-hour  day  is  eight  hours'  work  per  day  ac- 
cording to  a  standard  schedule,  without  overtime  under 
any  circumstances,  except  perhaps  in  emergencies.  The 
eight-hour-shift  day  is  eight  hours'  work  per  day  for 
each  shift,  with  time  allowance  for  meals  and  rest,  in 
plants  that  are  operated  continuously. 

The  standard  working  week  is  the  number  of  hours 
that  are  agreed  upon  as  constituting  a  normal  period  to 
be  worked  each  week  and  the  number  of  hours  to  be 
worked  each  day  according  to  a  standard  schedule.  The 
basic  forty-eight-hour  week  is  forty-eight  hours'  work 
per  week  according  to  a  standard  schedule  with  extra 
compensation  for  the  hours  worked  beyond  the  standard 
time  for  each  day  or  week. 

2.  A  certain  period  of  time  set  for  the  performance 
of  a  task  as  the  result  of  time  study,  previous  experience, 
or  repeated  tests. 

State  Federation — An  association  of  labor  unions  in 


82 


one  state.  The  Constitution  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Branch  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  defines  its 
objects  as  follows: 

Article  II. 

Sec.  I.  The  object  of  this  Federation  shall  be  the  encourage- 
ment and  formation  of  local  trades  and  labor  unions  in  every  city 
and  town  in  this  State. 

Sec.  2.  To  assist  in  establishing  national  and  international  trades 
unions. 

Sec.  3.  To  aid  and  encourage  the  labor  press  and  to  encourage 
the  purchase  of  union  label  products  and  further  the  interest  of 
trade  union  emblems  not  antagonistic  to  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor. 

Sec.  4.  To  render  every  assistance  possible  to  affiliated  unions 
in  their  effort  to  secure  legislation  in  the  interest  of  the  workers, 
and  to  introduce  such  legislation  as  its  conventions  may  decide 
upon.  {Constitution  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Branch  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920) 

Steel  Workers — In  the  iron  and  steel  industry,  which 
includes  the  operation  of  such  plants  as  blast  furnaces, 
steel  furnaces,  and  rolling  mills,  the  Amalgamated  Asso- 
ciation of  Iron,  Steel,  and  Tin  Workers  in  1919  had  a 
membership  of  19,000,  in  1920,  31,500.  During  1919  a 
special  campaign  was  conducted  by  twenty-four  national 
and  international  trade  unions  affiliated  with  the  Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor  to  organize  the  workmen  em- 
ployed in  the  iron  and  steel  industries.  In  August,  1919, 
it  was  stated  that  these  unions  had  increased  their  mem- 
bership in  the  iron  and  steel  plants  to  over  150,000.^ 
The  unions  associated  in  this  campaign  were  the  follow- 
ing, their  total  membership  figures  including  workmen 
employed  not  only  in  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel 
but  also  in  other  industries : 

'  American  Federationist,  February,  1920 ;  p.  167. 


ii 


83 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership  ' 

1920 

United  Mine  Workers  of  America 393,600 

International  Association  of  Machinists 330,800 

Brotherhood  Railway  Carmen  of  America 182,100 

International  Brotherhood  of  Electrical  Workers 
of  America 139,200 

International  Brotherhood  of  Boiler  Makers  and 

Iron  Ship  Builders  and  Helpers  of  America.  .     103,000 

Bricklayers',   Masons',   and   Plasterers'   Interna- 
tional Union  of  America 70,000 

International  Seamen's  Union  of  America 65,900 

International  Molders'  Union  of  North  America      57,300 

International  Brotherhood  of  Blacksmiths,  Drop 

Forgers  and  Helpers   48,300 

International  Hodcarriers',  Building  and  Com- 
mon Laborers'  Union  of  America   42,000 

International  Union  of  Steam  and  Operating  En- 
gineers         32,000 

United  Association  of  Plumbers  and  Steamfitters 

of  United  States  and  Canada 32,000 

Amalgamated  Association  of  Iron,  Steel  and  Tin 
Workers 31,500 

International   Brotherhood   of   Stationary   Fire- 
men and  Oilers  29,600 

International  Association  of  Bridge,  Structural 
and  Ornamental  Iron  Workers 24,200 

Amalgamated    Sheet    Metal    Workers'    Interna- 
tional Alliance  21,800 

International  Union  of  Mine,  Mill  and  Smelter 
Workers    21,100 

*  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Annual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


84 

Switchmen's  Union  of  North  America 14,000 

International     Brotherhood    of    Foundry     Em- 
ployees    9,100 

Pattern  Makers'  League  of  North  America  ....  9,000 
International  Brotherhood  of  Steam  Shovel  and 

Dredge  Men  ^ 5,412 

The  United  Brick  and  Clay  Workers  of  America  5,200 

Coopers'  International  Union  of  North  America  4,300 
Quarry  Workers'  International  Union  of  North 

America 3,000 

Store-order  System — A  method  of  paying  employees 
by  orders  on  a  retail  store  usually  owned  by  the  employer. 
The  system  has  been  criticized  because  it  was  asserted 
that  in  some  cases  abnormally  high  prices  for  merchandise 
were  charged  to  employees  who  held  store  orders  and 
could  not  go  elsewhere  to  buy.  At  one  time  the  store- 
order  system  was  common  in  the  mining  districts,  and 
it  has  been  used  occasionally  in  the  textile  industries. 
It  is  sometimes  called  the  truck  system. 

Straight  Time — 1.  Compensation  for  overtime  at  the 
same  rate  as  paid  for  standard  time. 

2.  Employment  according  to  a  standard  schedule  of 
hours.  In  the  building  trades,  for  example,  straight  time 
is  employment  by  the  week,  as  distinguished  from  broken 
time  that  is  employment  by  the  hour. 

Strike — Cessation  of  work  by  employees  collectively, 
whether  organized  or  unorganized,  in  order  to  enforce 
labor  demands  ordinarily  after  negotiations  for  settle- 
ment have  failed. 

An  outlaw  strike  is  one  undertaken  or  continued  by  a 
local  union  or  by  part  of  its  members  without  the  sanc- 

*  1919  membership.  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Thirty- 
ninth  Annual  Convention  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
1919;  p.  40. 


85 

tion  of  the  national  union  ;  also  known  as  an  independent, 
wildcat,  or  illegal  strike. 

A  sympathetic  strike  is  one  undertaken  by  a  union, 
having  no  grievance  of  its  own,  in  order  to  support 
another  union  that  is  on  strike,  A  sympathetic  strike 
generally  occurs  in  an  undertaking  in  the  operation  of 
which  several  trades  are  interdependent. 

In  most  organized  trades  the  power  to  declare  or  sanc- 
tion a  strike  is  vested  exclusively  in  the  national  union ; 
in  some  cases,  however,  it  is  vested  in  the  local  union. 
The  Constitution  of  the  International  Association  of 
Machinists  provides: 

Article  VIII. 
Investigation. 

Sec.  II.  Any  subordinate  lodge  requiring  the  assistance  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  to  vindicate  its  rights  and  privileges  under  the  Con- 
stitution shall  be  required  to  conform  to  the  following  sections,  and 
shall  await  an  official  answer.  Any  subordinate  lodge  failing  to 
comply  with  these  provisions  shall  forfeit  the  right  of  securing 
strike  benefits  or  other  financial  aid  from  the  Grand  Lodge  during 
the  dispute,  except  in  case  of  extreme  emergency,  of  wages  being 
cut,  of  increase  of  hours,  or  the  violation  of  the  cardinal  principles 
of  the  Association,  when  the  International  President  may  have  power 
to  act  until  such  time  as  the  General  Executive  Board  may  be  con- 
ferred with. 

Approval. 

Sec.  2.  When  a  difficulty  occurs  under  the  jurisdiction  of  any 
subordinate  lodge,  through  a  reduction  of  wages,  or  through  the 
principles  of  the  organization  being  immediately  jeopardized  in  any 
manner,  or  should  any  subordinate  lodge  desire  to  make  a  demand 
for  an  increase  of  wages,  the  members  directly  involved  shall  hold 
a  special  meeting,  called  by  the  lodge  having  the  greatest  number  of 
men  involved,  and  shall  take  a  secret  ballot  to  determine  whether 
they  shall  accept  or  reject  such  reduction  or  make  a  demand  for  an 
increase  of  wages.  It  shall  take  a  three-fourths  vote  of  all  mem- 
bers present  to  decide,  except  that  no  member  of  this  Association 
shall  be  allowed  to  vote  upon  the  question  of  strike  in  any  lodge 
unless  he  has  been  a  member  of  said  lodge  for  at  least  sixty  days. 


86 

If,  in  the  judgment  of  the  meeting,  it  shall  be  decided  to  reject 
such  reduction,  or  to  make  a  demand  for  an  increase  of  wages  or  a 
reduction  of  hours  of  labor,  said  demand  having  been  submitted, 
either  in  writing  or  by  a  committee  or  business  agent,  and  being 
refused,  the  recording  secretary  of  the  lodge  holding  the  meeting 
shall  send  to  the  International  President  a  bill  of  grievance,  slating 
the  nature  of  the  trouble  and  the  action  of  the  lodge  thereon.  Im- 
mediately upon  receipt  of  said  grievance  the  International  President 
shall  send  a  copy  to  each  member  of  the  General  Executive  Board, 
and  the  International  President,  a  member  of  the  Board,  or  a  deputy 
shall  proceed  to  the  place  of  difficulty,  and,  with  a  member  of  the 
local,  investigate  the  cause  of  the  trouble,  and,  if  possible,  effect  a 
settlement.  Upon  receipt  of  report  and  the  decision  of  the  Board, 
the  International  President  shall  notify  the  lodge  of  the  result;  but 
in  no  case  shall  a  strike  be  declared  without  the  consent  of  the 
International  President  and  the  General  Executive  Board. 
Discontinuance  of  Grievance. 

Sec.  3.  Should  the  lodge  fail  to  receive  the  sanction  of  the 
General  Executive  Board,  it  shall  hold  a  meeting  and  declare  the 
grievance  at  an  end.  Continuing  such  grievance  after  it  failed  to  be 
sanctioned  may  be  considered  sufficient  cause  for  suspension  from 
all  rights  and  privileges,  at  the  option  of  the  General  Executive 
Board. 

Title  and  Rate  of  Benefits. 

Sec.  4.  Members  who  quit  work  on  account  of  a  grievance  ap- 
proved by  the  General  Executive  Board,  and  who  have  been  three 
months  in  good  standing,  shall  receive  the  following  sums  per  week : 
Single  men,  $6  per  week ;  married  and  single  men  with  others 
dependent  upon  them  for  support,  $8  per  week;  specialists  paying 
three-fourths  (3^)  per  capita  tax  rate  shall  receive  three-fourths 
(^)  rate  of  benefits;  apprentices  at  one-half  rate. 
Declaring  Off  a  Strike. 

Sec.  5.  When  a  proposition  for  settlement  or  one  to  declare  off 
a  strike  is  presented  at  a  regular  or  called  meeting  of  the  lodge, 
it  shall  require  a  majority  vote  by  secret  ballot  of  all  the  members 
involved  to  accept  the  proposition.  When  the  General  Executive 
Board  finds  it  impossible  to  settle  the  difficulty  in  a  satisfactory 
manner,  they  shall  order  the  men  to  resume  work,  as  they  would 
not  receive  further  financial  aid — excepting  that  it  shall  be  dis- 
cretionary  with   the   executive   officers   to   give   relief    in   deserving 


cases,   such  relief  not  to  exceed,  weekly,  the  amount  as   provided 
above. 

Exceptional  Relief. 
Sec.  6.     The  International  President  and  Executive  Board  shall 
have  power  to  draw  from  the  general  fund  of  the  Association  an 
amount  sufficient  to  finance  any  strike  or  lockout. 

Handling  Unfair  Work. 

Sec.  7.  In  cases  of  disputes  where  the  employer  is  getting  his 
work  done  in  shops  or  places  of  employment  other  than  those  owned 
or  controlled  by  himself,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  members  to 
refuse  to  work  on  such  jobs  or  at  any  shop  or  place  of  employment 
where  such  work  is  done.  If  ordered  to  do  so  by  the  local  lodge 
(sanctioned  by  the  district  lodge,  if  one  exists  in  the  locality)  having 
jurisdiction  over  shops  doing  such  work,  such  order  to  be  approved 
by  the  International  President  and  General  Executive  Board  before 
becoming  efifective  or  entitling  member  to  strike  or  victimized 
benefits.  (Constitution  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  District  Lodges 
and  of  Subordinate  Lodges  of  the  International  Association  of 
Machinists,  1918) 

Strikebreaker — A  person  who  is  hired  to  take  the  place 
of  an  employee  who  is  on  strike. 

Strike  Committee — A  committee  appointed  by  a  labor 
union  for  the  purpose  of  managing  a  strike. 

Strike  Fund — A  fund  accumulated  for  paying  strike 
benefits. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Cigar  Makers'  International 
Union  provides : 

Sec.  92  (a).  A  special  fund  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  strike 
benefits  shall  be  created  by  the  levying  of  an  assessment  of  $1.00 
on  all  thirty-cent  and  sixty-cent  dues-paying  members.  Class  B 
members  shall  pay  50  cents  or  one-half  of  the  full  assessment 
levied  in  the  months  of  September  and  March  of  each  calendar  year 
payable  in  eight  weeks.  This  fund  to  be  designated  as  a  special 
strike  benefit  and  shall  be  used  for  no  other  purpose  than  the  pay- 
ment of  members  on  strike  or  lockout  which  has  been  approved  by 
the  International  Union.  This  assessment  to  continue  until  it  reaches 
a  per  capita  of  $5.00  of  all  members  of  the  Cigar  Makers'  Interna- 
tional Union. 


The  International  President  then  shall  notify  the  members  of  the 
discontinuation  of  said  assessment  until  it  falls  below  $2.00  per 
capita,  when  it  shall  again  be  levied. 

The  funds  so  collected  shall  be  deposited  by  Financial  Secretaries 
of  local  unions  in  bank  as  provided  for  in  Section  '169  of  the  con- 
stitution, and  all  monies  collected  from  such  assessment  shall  be 
deposited  in  a  separate  fund  from  local  and  International  monies, 
and  shall  be  subject  to  the  direction  of  the  International  President, 
who  may  order  the  withdrawal  of  said  fund  in  whole  or  in  part 
as  the  circumstances  may  warrant.  After  the  same  has  been  ap- 
proved by  the  International  Executive  Board.  (Constitution  of  the 
Cigar  Makers'  International  Union  of  America,  1920) 

Strike  benefits  usually  are  paid  by  a  national  union, 
the  amount  of  the  benefits  being  fixed  by  the  constitution 
or  rules  of  the  union.  The  Constitution  of  the  Pattern 
Makers'  League  provides : 

Sec.  27,  Clause  5 — Members  out  of  work  because  of  lockouts  or 
on  an  authorized  strike  shall  receive  eight  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
($8.50)  per  week,  and  benefits  shall  be  paid  for  each  full  working 
day  the  members  are  out.  All  arrearages  and  dues  must  be  deducted 
before  benefits  are  paid.  (Laws  of  the  Pattern  Makers'  League, 
1917) 

Strike  benefits  also  may  be  paid  by  a  local  union  from 
a  local  strike  fund,  from  assessments  levied  on  members 
who  are  working,  or  from  contributions  by  other  unions. 
The  Constitution  of  the  Cigar  Makers'  International 
Union  provides : 

Sec.  189.  Local  unions  shall  have  the  right  to  levy  assessments 
and  suspend  members  if  the  same  be  not  paid  in  eight  weeks, 
provided  said  assessment  be  not  in  aid  of  an  unauthorized  strike ; 
but  this  shall  not  debar  local  unions  from  levying  weekly  assess- 
ments for  other  purposes.  In  localities  where  more  than  one  charter 
is  held,  assessments  for  the  purpose  of  label  agitation  may  be  levied 
at  joint  meetings,  providing  a  two-thirds  majority  of  those  voting 
are  in  favor  thereof.  Local  assessments  in  aid  of  a  strike  in  any 
other  trade  shall  not  exceed  50  cents  weekly,  and  such  assessments 
shall  not  l)e  levied  for  a  longer  period  than  from  one  meeting  to 


89 

another.      (Constitution  of  the   Cigar  Maker/  International  Union 
of  America,  1920) 

Strike  benefits  sometimes  are  paid  to  strikers  who  are 
not  members  of  a  union.  For  example,  in  the  case  of  a 
strike  in  an  open  shop  the  union  may  pay  benefits  to  all 
the  strikers.  Such  benefits  usually  are  paid  by  the  local 
union. 

Strike  Vote — A  vote  by  a  local  or  national  or  interna- 
tional union  on  the  question  of  declaring  a  strike.  In 
most  cases  the  constitution  and  by-laws  of  the  unions 
require  such  a  vote  before  the  union  officials  are  author- 
ized to  call  a  strike.  A  vote  for  a  strike  does  not  neces- 
sarily result  in  a  strike ;  in  many  cases  the  strike  vote  is 
asked  by  the  union  leaders  to  give  them  full  authority  in 
negotiating  with  employers.  For  example,  the  conven- 
tion of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America  on  Septem- 
ber 22,  1919,  adopted  demands  that  included  the  following 
provision : 

12.  We  recommend  that  in  event  a  satisfactory  wage  agreement 
is  not  secured  for  the  central  competitive  field  before  November  i, 
1919,  to  replace  the  one  nov\^  in  effect,  that  the  international  officials 
be  authorized  to  and  are  hereby  instructed  to  call  a  general  strike 
of  all  bituminous  miners  and  mine  workers  throughout  the  United 
States,  the  same  to  become  effective  November  r,  1919.  (U.  S. 
Department  of  Labor,  Monthly  Labor  Review,  Vol.  IX,  No.  6, 
December,  1919,  p.  63) 

The  joint  conference  of  coal  miners  and  operators  that 
followed  was  unable  to  reach  an  agreement,  and  on 
October  15,  1919,  the  Acting  President  issued  a  strike 
order  calling  for  cessation  of  mining  operations  at  mid- 
night October  31,  1919. 

The  strike  vote  is  often  in  much  more  general  form 


96 

than  this  example  and  is  intended  as  a  step  in  negotia- 
tions. 

Sweating  System — 1.  Employment  of  workers  for 
long  hours  under  unhealthy  and  unsanitary  conditions 
for  abnormally  low  wages,  usually  on  work  given  out  to 
be  performed  in  the  home  or  in  a  small  shop. 

2.     Exploitation  of  needy,  ignorant,  underpaid  workers. 

Sympathetic  Strike,  See  Strike. 

Task — A  definite  quantity  and  quality  of  work  of  a 
particular  kind  ordinarily  to  be  performed  within  a 
specified  period  of  time. 

Task  and  Bonus  System — A  method  of  compensation 
according  to  which  a  workman  is  paid  the  ordinary  rate 
of  wages  for  less  than  standard  output  or  an  increased 
rate  of  wages  for  output  equal  to  or  greater  than  the 
standard  output,  which  is  determined  by  means  of  motion 
and  time  studies.  Under  this  system,  when  the  workman 
turns  out  more  than  the  standard  output,  he  is  paid  a 
stipulated  rate  20%  to  50%  higher  than  the  day  rate. 

Tasksetter — 1.  A  workman  whose  rate  of  output  on 
a  specified  task  is  used  to  establish  the  standard  for  other 
workers. 

2.  A  pacemaker. 

3.  An  expert  who  establishes  the  standard  time  for 
the  performance  of  each  task. 

Teach-worker — A  workman  with  special  training  or 
experience  who  is  employed  to  instruct  other  employees. 

Time  and  One-half — Compensation  for  overtime  at  a 
rate  one  and  one-half  times  the  rate  paid  for  standard 
time. 

Time  Study — A  method  of  determining  the  quantity 
of  output  that  a  capable  worker  may  reasonably  be  ex- 
pected to  produce  in  a  specified  time  with  specified  equip- 


91 

ment  and  materials.  A  time  study  involves  an  analysis 
of  one  or  more  operations  into  the  elementary  motions 
in  its  performance;  the  modification  or  elimination  of  the 
unnecessary  motions ;  and  the  determination  of  the  time 
required  for  the  performance  of  the  essential  motions  with 
allowance  for  such  factors  as  interference,  fatigue,  and 
inertia. 

See  Motion  Study. 

Time  Work — Labor  for  which  compensation  is  reck- 
oned by  a  unit  of  time  such  as  the  hour,  day,  or  week, 
not  according  to  the  number  of  units  of  product  turned 
out  during  that  time. 

Tolling — Payment  to  a  boss,  foreman,  or  superin- 
tendent for  the  purpose  of  securing  employment  or  pro- 
motion. 

See  Padrone  System. 

Trade — A  craft,  or  occupation  in  which  skilled  work- 
men are  engaged. 

Trade  Agreement — An  agreement  between  one  or  more 
employers  and  a  labor  union  to  govern  industrial  rela- 
tions in  a  plant  or  industry.  It  ordinarily  fixes  wages, 
hours,  and  other  conditions  of  labor,  and  provides  machin- 
ery for  interpreting  and  enforcing  observance  of  its 
terms.  A  railroad  trade  agreement  sometimes  is  called  a 
schedule. 

For  employees  a  trade  agreement  is  entered  into  by  a 
national  union,  by  an  allied  trades  council,  or  by  a  local 
union.  In  the  coal  mining  industry,  for  example,  a  trade 
agreement  is  made  by  the  national  union  and  establishes 
working  conditions  for  the  industry.  In  the  building 
trades  a  trade  agreement  generally  is  made  by  a  building 
trades  council  and  establishes  working  conditions  within 


92 

a  district.     In  the  machinists'  trade,  a  trade  agreement 
generally  is  entered  into  by  a  local  union. 

The  following  example  of  a  trade  agreement  is  taken 
from  the  coal  mining  industry.  Conditions  of  labor  in 
the  central  competitive  field,  comprising  Western  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  are  fixed  every  two 
years  by  the  interstate  agreement  between  the  United 
Mine  Workers  of  America  and  the  coal  operators.  With 
this  interstate  agreement  as  a  basis,  the  district  unions 
and  the  operators  establish  conditions  in  their  respective 
districts.  The  district  trade  agreements  provide  methods 
of  enforcing  the  agreement.  This  system  has  been  in 
operation  since  1898.  The  Interstate  Agreement  of  1916, 
known  as  the  New  York  Agreement,  was  as  follows : 

The  following  agreement  made  and  entered  into  this  9th  day  of 
March,  1916,  covering  prices  and  conditions  of  mining  in  Western 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  for  the  two  years  begin- 
ning April  I,  1916,  and  ending  March  31,  1918,  to-wit: 

First,  all  coal  shall  be  weighed  and  paid  for  on  a  mine-run  basis, 
except  that  the  Block  Coal  District  of  Indiana  shall  continue  upon 
the  present  screen  coal  basis,  and  that  the  pick  mining  rate  therein 
be  advanced  5  cents  per  ton  and  machine  mining  4  cents  per  ton. 

Second,  the  pick  mining  rate  in  the  thin  vein  district  of  Western 
Pennsylvania  shall  be  67.64  cents  per  ton  and  in  the  Eastern  Ohio, 
Hocking,  Cambridge  and  Amsterdam-Bergholz  districts  of  Ohio 
the  mining  rate  shall  be  67.64  cents  per  ton,  and  throughout  the 
balance  of  Ohio  the  pick  mining  rate  shall  be  advanced  3  cents  per 
ton  unless  otherwise  agreed  to  in  joint  conference  by  operators  and 
miners  in  any  of  the  sub-districts  or  scale  districts  within  the  state; 
and  in  the  bituminous  district  of  Indiana  64  cents  per  ton  and  in 
Danville  district  of  Illinois  64  cents  per  ton. 

Third,  machine  mining  in  the  thin  vein  district  of  Western  Penn- 
sylvania 50  cents  per  ton ;  in  Ohio  50  cents  per  ton ;  in  the  bituminous 
district  of  Indiana,  chain  machine  mining  52  cents  per  ton  and 
punching  machines  54  cents  per  ton;  in  the  Danville  district  of 
Illinois  54  cents  per  ton. 


93 

Fourth,  all  day  labor,  dead  work,  yardage  and  room  turning 
advanced  five  per  cent  on  existing  prices. 

Fifth,  an  eight-hour  day  means  eight  hours'  work  in  the  mine  at 
usual  working  places  for  all  classes  of  inside  day  labor.  This  shall 
be  exclusive  of  the  time  required  in  reaching  such  working  places 
in  the  morning  and  departing  from  the  same  at  night. 

Drivers  shall  take  their  mules  to  and  from  stables,  and  the  time 
required  in  so  doing  shall  not  include  any  part  of  the  day's  labor, 
their  work  beginning  when  they  reach  the  change  at  which  they 
receive  empty  cars,  but  in  no  case  shall  the  driver's  time  be  docked 
while  he  is  waiting  for  such  cars  at  the  point  named. 

When  the  men  go  into  the  mine  in  the  morning  they  shall  be 
entitled  to  two  hours'  pay,  whether  or  not  the  mine  works  the  full 
two  hours.  But  after  the  first  two  hours  the  men  shall  be  paid  for 
every  hour  thereafter  by  the  hour,  for  each  hour's  work  or  frac- 
tional part  thereof.  If  for  any  reason  the  regular  routine  work 
cannot  be  furnished  the  inside  labor  for  a  portion  of  the  first  two 
hours  the  operators  may  furnish  other  than  the  regular  labor  for  the 
unexpired  time. 

Sixth,  all  internal  differences  are  hereby  referred  to  the  various 
districts  for  settlement  with  the  understanding  that  only  by  mutual 
consent  shall  anything  be  done  in  sub-district,  district  or  wage  scale 
conventions  that  will  increase  the  cost  of  production  or  decrease 
the  earning  capacity  of  the  men.  All  rules  now  incorporated  in 
existing  contracts  shall  remain  in  force  unless  changed  by  agree- 
ment between  operators'  and  miners'  representatives. 

Seventh,  all  district  organizations  herein  represented  shall  take 
up  the  question  of  preparation  of  coal  and  adopt  such  rules  and 
regulations  with  proper  penalties  as  will  best  suit  the  condition  of 
each  district  herein  represented. 

Eighth,  a  joint  commission  of  three  miners  and  three  operators 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  two  organizations  (Illinois  miners'  and 
operators'  associations)  who  are  hereby  given  authority  to  establish 
the  proper  machine  mining  rates  in  the  long  wall  mines  of  Northern 
Illinois  without  regard  to  existing  machine  differentials. 

Resolved,  that  an  interstate  joint  conference  be  held  prior  to 
April  I,  1918;  the  time  and  place  of  holding  such  meeting  is  referred 
to  a  committee  of  two  operators  and  two  miners  from  each  state 
herein  represented,  together  with  the  International  officers  of  the 
United   Mine   Workers'   organization.      (United   Mine    Workers   of 


94 

America,  District  No.  6,  Ohio,  for  Scale   Year  April   i,   1918,  to 
March  31,  1920;  pp.  29-31) 

See  Collective  Bargaining;  National  or  International 
Union ;  Shop  Committee  System. 

Trade  Autonomy — The  right  of  each  craft  organization 
to  govern  its  own  affairs. 

Trade  Union — A  local,  national,  or  international  union 
of  the  workmen  engaged  in  one  occupation  or  craft. 

Transfer  Card — A  certificate  issued  by  a  local  union  to 
a  member  in  order  that  he  may  transfer  his  membership 
to  another  local  union  in  the  same  national  or  interna- 
tional union. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Granite  Cutters'  International 
Association  provides  as  follows  : 

Sec.  115.  Any  member  going  from  the  jurisdiction  of  one  branch 
to  another  shall  be  furnished  with  a  clear  card  by  the  branch  that 
he  is  leaving,  provided  he  is  clear  on  the  books  of  our  International 
Association  of  all  fines,  assessments,  dues,  or  other  charges  up  to 
and  including  the  month  in  which  the  card  is  drawn;  if  a  member 
is  not  in  good  standing,  his  travelling  card  to  show  plainly  his 
standing  in  the  branch  issuing  the  card. 

Sec.  116.  All  travelling  cards  to  show  the  date  when  the  bearer 
was  in  good  standing  in  the  branch  he  left,  also  the  date  of  issue 
of  card  and  the  amount  due  our  Association  at  such  date ;  the 
member's  arrears  as  marked  on  travelling  card  to  go  to  credit  of 
branch  collecting  the  same ;  a  member  depositing  his  card  cannot 
receive  the  same  card  he  deposited. 

Sec.  117.  Members  holding  travelling  cards  and  working  outside 
the  jurisdiction  of  any  branch,  shall  deposit  their  cards  in  the  nearest 
branch,  or  in  our  International  Association  so  that  an  account  can 
be  kept  of  such  members ;  and  if  in  the  latter,  when  moving  to  the 
vicinity  of  a  branch,  they  shall  be  furnished  by  our  International 
President  with  a  travelling  card,  showing  their  standing ;  when 
moving  to  another  locality  outside  the  jurisdiction  of  any  branch, 
such  members  shall  immediately  notify  our  International  President 
of  such  change  of  location.  (Constitution  of  the  Granite  Cutters' 
International  Association  of  America,  1919) 


95 

Travelling  Card,  See  Transfer  Card. 

Trick,  See  Shift. 

Truck  System,  See  Store-order  System. 

Trusteeing  of  Wages,  See  Garnishment  of  Wages. 

Turnover,  See  Labor  Turnover. 

Undermanned — 1.  The  condition  under  which  the 
number  of  employees  provided  in  a  train  or  crew  is  in- 
adequate to  perform  the  necessary  work. 

2,  The  operation  of  a  train  or  ship  with  a  smaller  num- 
ber of  employees  than  is  required  by  a  full  crew  statute. 

Unemployment — Idleness  due  to  inability  to  obtain 
employment. 

Unfair  List — A  list  of  employers,  declared  to  be  an- 
tagonistic to  organized  labor,  given  publicity  through 
verbal  or  written  publication  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
out  a  boycott  or  of  otherwise  hampering  the  employers' 
operations. 

Union — A  local  or  national  organization  of  workmen, 
the  chief  purpose  of  which  is  collective  bargaining  with 
employers  regarding  wages,  hours,  and  general  conditions 
of  labor. 

See  Central  Labor  Union ;  Company  Union ;  Federal 
Local  Union ;  Industrial  Union ;  Labor  Union ;  Local 
Union ;  National  or  International  Union ;  Trade  Union. 

Union  Card — 1.  A  card  certifying  membership  in  a 
local  labor  union. 

2.  A  certificate  issued  to  a  shop,  such  as  a  barber  shop, 
in  which  only  union  labor  is  employed. 

Union  Contract,  See  Trade  Agreement. 

Union  Label — A  trade-mark  attached  to  a  product  cer- 
tifying that  it  has  been  made  by  members  of  the  union 
granting  the  label.    The  union  label  is  the  property  of  the 


96 

union  by  which  it  has  been  issued  and  generally  is  regis- 
tered under  the  trade-mark  act. 

In  some  trades  permission  to  use  the  union  label  is 
granted  by  the  union  to  a  manufacturer  for  use  in  one  of 
his  establishments,  provided  he  employs  only  union  labor 
in  that  establishment,  even  though  he  operates  other  es- 
tablishments under  non-union  or  open  shop  conditions. 
In  certain  other  trades,  as  for  example  in  the  cigar  in- 
dustry, the  use  of  the  union  label  is  not  granted  to  any 
manufacturer  unless  only  union  labor  is  employed  in  all 
the  establishments  under  his  control. 

In  June,  1920,  60  union  labels  were  in  use  by  labor  or- 
ganizations with  the  endorsement  of  the  American  Fed- 
eration of  Labor. 

The  following  is  the  union  label  contract  of  the  Boot 
and  Shoe  Workers'  Union  : 

Agreement  entered  into  this day  of 192 . . . 

by  and  between shoe  manufacturer  of 

hereinafter  known  as  the  Employer,  and  the  Boot  and  Shoe  Work- 
ers' Union,  with  headquarters  at  246  Summer  Street,  Boston,  Mass., 
hereinafter  known  as  the  Union,  witnesseth : 

First.  The  Union  agrees  to  furnish  its  Union  Stamp  to  the 
Employer  free  of  charge,  to  make  no  additional  price  for  the  use 
of  the  Stamp,  to  make  no  discrimination  between  the  Employer  and 
other  firms,  persons,  or  corporations  who  may  enter  into  an  agree- 
ment with  the  Union  for  the  use  of  the  Union  Stamp,  and  to  make 
all  reasonable  efforts  to  advertise  the  Union  Stamp,  and  to  create 
a  demand  for  the  union  stamped  products  of  the  Employer,  in  com- 
mon with  other  employers  using  the  Union  Stamp. 

Second.  In  consideration  of  the  foregoing  valuable  privileges, 
the  Employer  agrees  to  hire  as  shoe  workers  only  members  of  the 
Boot  and  Shoe  Workers'  Union,  in  good  standing,  and  further 
agrees  not  to  retain  any  shoe  worker  in  his  employment  after  receiv- 
ing notice  from  the  Union  that  such  shoe  worker  is  objectionable  to 
the  Union,  either  on  account  of  being  in  arrears  for  dues,  or  dis- 
obedience of  Union  Rules  or  Laws,  or  from  any  other  cause. 

The  Employer  agrees  that  there  shall  be  no  discrimination  against 


any  member  of  the  Union  because  of  his  or  her  activity  in  Union 
affairs. 

Third.  The  Employer  agrees  that  he  will  not  cause  or  allow 
the  Union  Stamp  to  be  placed  on  any  goods  not  made  in  the  factory 
for  which  the  use  of  the  Union  Stamp  is  granted  and  the  Employer 
agrees  that  it  will  be  a  violation  of  this  contract  to  use  the  Union 
Stamp  or  Stamps  in  any  other  place  than  the  particular  factory  for 
which  the  use  of  the  Stamp  is  granted. 

Fourth.  It  is  mutually  agreed  that  the  Union  will  not  cause 
or  sanction  any  strike,  and  that  the  Employer  will  not  lockout  his 
employees  while  this  agreement  is  in  force. 

All  questions  of  wages  or  conditions  of  labor,  which  cannot  be 
mutually  agreed  upon  shall  be  submitted  to   


The  decision  of  this  Board  of  Arbitration  shall  be  final  and  bind- 
ing upon  the  Employer,  the  Union,  and  the  employees. 

The  Employer  agrees  that  where  a  change  of  system  or  method 
is  made,  he  will  notify  the  Local  Union  affected  and  endeavor  to 
mutually  agree  upon  a  price  to  be  paid.  Failing  to  agree,  the  matter 
shall  be  arbitrated,  and  the  decision  rendered  shall  date  from  the 
time  of  change  in  system  and  method. 

In  the  event  of  the  Employer  or  Local  Union,  or  a  duly  author- 
ized agent,  giving  written  notice  to  the  General  President  of  their 
desire  to  refer  to  arbitration  any  matter  in  dispute,  relative  to  wages, 
conditions  of  employment,  interpretation  of  contract,  or  any  other 
difference  of  opinion,  he  shall  insist  that  the  application  for  same 
shall  be  signed  within  seven  days  from  his  receipt  of  said  notice. 
Failure  of  either  party  to  comply  with  this  clause  shall  constitute  a 
direct  violation  of  this  contract. 

Fifth.  The  Union  agrees  to  assist  the  Employer  in  procuring 
competent  shoe  workers  to  fill  the  places  of  any  employees  who 
refuse  to  abide  by  Section  FOUR  of  this  agreement,  or  who  may 
withdraw  or  be  expelled  from  the  Boot  and  Shoe  Workers'  Union. 

Sixth.  The  Employer  agrees  that  the  regularly  appointed  col- 
lectors, or  business  agents  acting  in  the  capacity  of  collectors,  shall 
not  be  hindered  or  obstructed  in  collecting  dues  from  members 
working  in  the  factory. 

Seventh.     The   Employer   agrees   that    the    General    President   of 


98 

the  Union,  or  his  deputy  upon  his  written  order,  may  visit  the 
employees  in  the  factory  at  any  time. 

Eighth.  The  Employer  agrees  that  the  Union  is  the  lawful 
owner  of  the  Union  Stamp,  and  the  Employer  agrees  not  to  make 
or  cause  to  be  made  any  Union  Stamp  or  Stamps,  and  it  is  further 
agreed  that  the  Union  will  furnish  free  of  cost  all  Stamps  necessary 
to  be  used  under  the  Agreement. 

Ninth.  The  Union  agrees  that  no  person  except  the  General 
President,  or  his  deputy  upon  his  written  order,  shall  have  the  right 
to  demand  or  receive  Union  Stamps  from  the  Employer. 

Tenth.  Should  the  Employer  violate  this  agreement,  he  agrees 
to  surrender  the  Union  Stamp  or  Stamps  in  his  possession  to  the 
General  President,  or  his  deputy  upon  his  written  order,  and  that 
the  said  General  President  or  his  deputy  may  take  said  Stamp  or 
Stamps,  wherever  they  may  be,  without  being  liable  for  damages, 
or  otherwise. 

Eleventh.  In  case  the  said  Employer  shall  for  any  cause  fail 
to  deliver  the  said  Stamp  or  Stamps  to  the  General  President,  or 
his  deputy,  as  provided  in  this  agreement,  the  Employer  shall  be 
liable  to  the  General  President  for  the  sum  of  two  hundred  (200) 
dollars,  as  liquidated  damages,  to  be  recovered  by  the  General 
President  in  an  action  of  contract,  brought  in  the  name  of  the 
General  President,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Union,  against  Employer. 

Twelfth.     The   agreement   shall   remain   in    force   until 

Should  either  party  desire  to  alter,  amend,  or  annul  this  agreement, 
it  shall  give  a  written  notice  thereof  to  the  other  party  three  months 
before  expiration  of  the  agreement ;  and  if  the  parties  fail  to  give 
such  notice  the  agreement  shall  continue  in  force  for  another  year, 
and  so  on  from  year  to  year  until  such  notice  is  given. 

Thirteenth.  In  case  the  Employer  shall  cease  to  do  business, 
or  shall  transfer  its  business  or  any  part  thereof  to  any  person  or 
persons,  or  corporations,  this  agreement  shall  be  ended,  and  the 
Stamp  or  Stamps  shall  be  returned  to  the  General  President  forth- 
with, without  demand  from  the  Union,  when  a  new  agreement  of 
similar  tenor  to  this  may  be  entered  into  between  the  Employer  and 
the  General  Executive  Board  of  tlie  Boot  and  Shoe  Workers'  Union. 
{The  Shoe  Workers'  Journal,  April,  1920;  p.  33) 

Union  Shop — A  plant  in  which  wages,  hours  of  labor, 
«ind  other  conditions  of  employment  are  fixed  by  a  union 
trade  agreement. 


99 

Unskilled  Laborer — A  laborer  engaged  in  work  that 
requires  no  skill  or  special  training. 

Vampire  System,  See  Padrone  System. 

Voluntary  Association — An  organization  of  employers 
or  of  employees  in  which  no  pressure  or  coercive  meas- 
ures are  used  to  enforce  membership. 

Volunteer — A  person  who  takes  a  position  that  has 
been  vacated  by  a  striker  in  a  case  where  public  safety  or 
welfare  is  threatened ;  this  position  is  not  taken  for  the 
sake  of  pecuniary  gain.  The  term  is  not  properly  applied 
to  a  strikebreaker. 

Wage — The  rate  of  compensation  for  labor  agreed 
upon  by  individual  or  collective  bargaining. 

The  money  wage  is  the  compensation  measured  in 
monetary  terms;  the  real  wage  is  the  purchasing  power 
of  the  money  wage  in  terms  of  merchandise  and  service. 

The  rate  of  wages  is  the  compensation  per  hour,  per 
day,  per  week,  per  month,  or  per  piece;  this  is  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  earnings  which  are  the  income  received 
for  labor  performed. 

A  standard  rate  of  wages  is  a  uniform  rate  for  all  em- 
ployees for  a  specific  kind  or  grade  of  work  within  a 
definite  area ;  the  area  may  be  a  city  or  town,  a  district, 
or  the  United  States. 

A  percentage  increase  in  the  rate  of  wages  is  the  addi- 
tion to  the  previous  rate  of  wages  of  a  specified  percent- 
age of  that  rate. 

A  flat  increase  in  the  rate  of  wages  is  the  addition  of 
the  same  fixed  amount  to  the  wage  of  each  employee  ir- 
respective of  skill  or  of  previous  rate  of  wages.  For 
example,  every  employee  in  a  plant  may  be  granted  an 
increase  of  ten  cents  an  hour. 

A  retroactive  increase  in  the  rate  of  wages  is  one  that 


100 


takes  effect  prior  to  the  date  of  the  award  granting  the 
increase.  In  wage  disputes  provision  frequently  is  made 
for  the  payment  of  the  increase  in  the  wages  from  a 
definite  date  preceding  the  date  of  settlement. 

See  Allowance;  Back  Pay;  Bonus;  Differential  Piece 
Rate  System;  Docking  of  Pay;  Earnings;  Full  Pay; 
Overtime  ;  Piecework  ;  Premium  System  ;  Standard  Time  ; 
Straight  Time ;  Task  and  Bonus  System ;  Time  and  One- 
half  ;  Time  Work. 

Wage  Agreement,  See  Trade  Agreement. 

Wage  Bill — A  schedule  of  the  rate  or  rates  of  wages 
posted  in  a  shop  or  plant;  sometimes  called  "Bill  of 
Prices." 

Wage  Board — A  board  established  by  a  labor  union  or 
jointly  by  employers  and  employees  to  regulate  the  wages 
to  be  paid  for  new  or  unusual  tasks  not  covered  by  a 
standard  wage  schedule. 

Wage  Committee — A  committee  of  employees  or  their 
representatives  appointed  to  formulate  a  scale  of  wages. 

Wage  Scale — Rates  of  wages  for  related  tasks  agreed 
upon  by  employer  and  employees. 

A  rating  scale  is  a  scale  of  wages  paid  to  employees 
rated  according  to  their  ability  or  classification  in  their 
occupation. 

A  sliding  scale  is  a  system  whereby  compensation  for 
labor  performed  under  the  piecework  system  is  based 
upon  the  selling  price  of  the  product.  For  example,  the 
Western  Scale  of  Prices  Governing  Wages  in  Rolling 
Mills  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1918,  agreed  "that  the 
following  scale  of  prices,  based  upon  the  actual  scales  and 
shipments  of  iron  or  steel,  as  arranged  for  in  conferences, 
shall  govern  the  wages  of  the  several  departments  as 
herein  stated,  commencing  July  1,  1917,  and  ending  June 


lOI 


30,  1918.  It  is  further  agreed  that  no  scale  shall  go  below 
the  base  price  named  on  the  rate  selected."  The  following 
table  illustrates  a  few  of  the  rates  paid  according  to  the 
sliding  scale : 

BAR  AND   12-INCH   MILLS. 


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.384 

.206 

.184 

.092 

.089 

Wage  Schedule — A  document  stating  the  wage  scale 
formally  agreed  to  by  employer  and  employees. 

The  following  wage  schedule  states  the  wage  scale 
agreed  to  by  the  Building  Trades  Employers'  Association 
and  the  United  Building  Trades  Council,  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, June  27,  1919: 


102 


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Walking  Delegate — A  representative  of  a  labor  union 
whose  duties  are  to  collect  dues  from  members,  to  secure 
the  proper  enforcement  of  union  rules,  to  solicit  member- 
ship, and  to  organize  local  branches.  In  many  cases  the 
walking  delegate  negotiates  with  employers  regarding  the 
adjustment  of  conditions  of  labor  or  the  settlement  of 
controversies ;  in  some  cases  he  may  be  instructed  by  his 
local  union  to  call  a  strike.  He  ordinarily  devotes  all  his 
time  to  the  performance  of  his  duties  as  walking  delegate, 
and  frequently  is  called  upon  to  represent  employees  in 
negotiations  in  a  plant  in  which  he  is  not  and  never  has 
been  employed. 

Walkout — A  temporary  cessation  of  work  by  a  group 
of  employees  without  having  presented  demands  to  the 
employer  or  his  representatives,  or  without  having  made 
a  formal  statement  of  their  grievances. 

Water  Transport  Workers*  Unions — Among  the  work- 
men employed  in  the  operation  of  vessels  and  the  hand- 
ling of  cargoes  the  following  national  and  international 
trade  unions  are  represented : 

Average 
Name  of  Union  Membership ' 

1920 

International  Longshoremen's  Association 74,000 

International  Seamen's  Union  of  America 65,900 

National  Marine  Engineers'  Beneficial  Associa- 
tion of  the  United  States  of  America 17,000 

American   Association   of   Masters,   Mates,   and 

Pilots    7,100 

Week,  See  Standard  Time. 

Week-work — Labor  for  which  compensation  is  reck- 
oned by  the  week. 

^Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Fortieth  Aunual  Convention 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1920;  pp.  37-38. 


105 

Week -work -with- production -standards  is  a  system 
whereby  compensation  for  labor  performed  is  based  upon 
a  period  of  one  week  together  with  the  fixing  of  a  standard 
output  per  man  by  agreement  between  employer  and 
employees. 

Weekly  Rest — An  arrangement  in  plants  that  are 
operated  continuously,  in  accordance  with  which  each 
employee  is  entitled  to  at  least  one  day  a  week  regularly 
for  rest  and  recreation. 

Welfare  Work — Provision  by  the  employer  of  facilities 
for  recreation,  amusement,  lunch  rooms,  rest  rooms,  hos- 
pitals, medical  attention,  and  improvement  of  sanitary 
conditions  for  his  employees. 

Withdrawal  Card — A  card  issued  by  a  local  union  to  a 
member  who  leaves  the  union  after  having  complied  with 
all  requirements. 

Some  local  unions  require  that  a  member  who  becomes 
a  foreman,  superintendent,  or  executive  shall  take  out  a 
withdrawal  card.  When  a  withdrawal  card  is  redeposited, 
the  member  thereby  is  reinvested  with  all  the  rights 
pertaining  to  full  membership. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Granite  Cutters'  International 
Association  provides  as  follows : 

Sec.  ii8.  On  sufficient  proof  being  submitted  to  our  International 
Association  Headquarters  that  a  member  is  to  leave  our  trade  to 
go  into  another  business  or  occupation  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of 
our  International  Association,  or  leaves  the  trade  because  of  sickness, 
or  is  to  leave  America  for  a  foreign  country,  he  will  on  paying  up  all 
charges  against  him  on  the  books  and  on  application  to  his  branch, 
be  entitled  to  an  International  Association  withdrawal  card,  to  be 
issued  from  our  International  Office.  On  payment  of  60  cents  per 
month  he  can  be  enrolled  on  the  funeral  fund  list  while  away  from 
our  trade  and  be  granted  a  funeral  fund  certificate.  If  a  member  is 
hving  in  an  isolated  locality  he  may  apply  to  our  International  Office, 
paying  up  all  arrears  to  our   International   President.     A    funeral 


io6 

fund  member  allowing  his  funeral  dues  to  exceed  three  months, 
shall  not  be  entitled  to  funeral  benefits  until  three  months  after  he 
is  clear  on  the  books  of  our  Association,  but  a  funeral  fund  mem- 
ber allowing  his  arrears  to  exceed  six  months,  shall  have  no  further 
claim  on  this  Association,  and  his  funeral  fund  card  becomes  an 
ordinary  withdrawal  card  and  subject  to  all  its  qualifications. 

Sec.  119.  No  member  shall  be  granted  a  withdrawal  card  to 
remain  a  member  of  the  funeral  benefit  until  he  has  been  a  member 
of  our  Association  for  one  year. 

Sec.  120.  Any  member  going  into  business  as  an  employer,  and  by 
agreeing  to  observe  the  hours  of  labor  and  the  agreement  governing 
the  locality  where  he  is  established,  and  owning  tools  for  conducting 
business  and  hiring  three  or  more  journeymen,  shall  upon  applica- 
tion, be  granted  a  withdrawal  card.  Failure  to  continue  so  doing 
revokes  the  card. 

Sec.  121.  Should  anyone  who  holds  a  withdrawal  card,  with  or 
without  funeral  benefit  certificate,  resume  his  trade,  he  shall  be  en- 
titled to  full  benefit  as  a  member  in  good  standing  on  presenting 
his  withdrawal  card  and  payment  of  $3,  which  includes  the  month's 
dues.  Provided  that  those  holding  withdrawal  cards,  but  not  funeral 
fund  certificates,  will  not  be  entitled  to  funeral  benefit  until  after 
depositing  such  cards  and  working  six  months  at  our  trade. 

Sec.  122.  Should  the  holder  of  a  withdrawal  card  resume  his 
trade  within  six  months,  such  card  shall  stand  only  as  a  travelling 
card ;  provided,  that  in  case  the  holder  of  a  good  standing  funeral 
benefit  withdrawal  card  resumes  his  trade  within  six  months,  he 
shall  not  be  declared  in  bad  standing;  providing  he  pays  all  he  owes 
as  ordinary  dues  on  depositing  his  withdrawal  card. 

Sec.  123.  When  the  holder  of  a  withdrawal  card  returns  to  our 
trade,  his  withdrawal  card  shall  be  turned  into  the  branch  or  district 
where  he  is  employed,  and  with  the  first  report  of  the  secretary  or 
district  officer  shall  be  returned  to  headquarters,  and  a  record  shall 
be  kept  by  our  International  President  of  all  such  cards  so  returned. 
Should  the  withdrawal  card  member  return  to  our  trade  in  an 
isolated  locality,  he  shall  immediately  forward  his  withdrawal  card 
to  our  International  Office  to  be  similarly  recorded. 

Sec.  124.  Our  International  President  to  keep  a  record  of  all 
members  remaining  in  funeral  benefit  who  hold  withdrawal  cards 
and  are  not  in  the  vicinity  of  any  branch  and  who  prefer  to  pay 


107 

their  monthly  payments  to  our  International  President,  so  that  a 
correct  record  can  be  kept  of  the  standing  of  such  members. 

Sec.  125.  Holders  of  withdrawal  cards  cannot  become  active 
members  unless  they  return  to  work  at  our  trade ;  and  members 
with  ordinary  withdrawal  cards  cannot  have  them  changed  to 
funeral  fund  cards  without  legitimately  returning  to  our  trade  and 
remaining  at  same  at  least  six  months. 

Sec.  126.  Any  member  procuring  a  card  under  false  pretenses  or 
attempting  to  do  so  or  aiding  in  such  an  attempt,  or  manipulating 
or  defacing  cards,  shall  on  conviction  be  fined  $25 ;  or  for  evading 
the  payment  of  arrears  by  claiming  a  lost  card,  or  similar  excuse, 
on  conviction  shall  be  fined  $10;  the  fines  to  be  paid  in  addition  to 
what  was  due  on  the  card  originally.  Also  any  journeyman  holding 
a  withdrawal  card  and  starting  to  cut  granite  without  depositing 
it  in  the  nearest  branch,  or  in  our  International  Office,  on  conviction 
shall  be  fined  $10,  and  charged  dues  from  time  he  started  to  work 
again  under  our  jurisdiction. 

Sec.  127.  Members  must  deposit  their  cards  in  the  branch  under 
whose  jurisdiction  they  are  employed  within  one  week  after  secur- 
ing employment,  shop  stewards  to  see  that  the  name  or  names  of 
such  members  are  entered  upon  the  branch  books  at  the  next 
meeting. 

Sec.  128.  Any  member  presenting  himself  to  any  branch  without 
a  travelling  card  shall  pay  to  the  financial  secretary  the  sum  of  25 
cents  for  procuring  the  same ;  all  money  received  in  this  manner  to 
be  retained  by  the  secretary  as  compensation  for  his  trouble.  (Con- 
stitution of  the  Granite  Cutters'  International  Association  of 
America,  1919) 

Working  Week,  See  Standard  Time. 

Workmen's  Compensation  Act — A  statute  fixing  the 
compensation  to  be  paid  for  the  injury  or  death  of  an 
employee  arising  out  of  and  in  the  course  of  his  employ- 
ment. Laws  providing  for  the  payment  of  this  compen- 
sation and  the  amount  of  the  compensation  have  been 
enacted  in  42  states  in  the  United  States.  These  laws  are 
based  on  the  theory  that  an  industrial  injury  is  properly 
an  incidental  expense  of  the  business  and  that  this  burden 
should   be   borne   by   the   business   rather   than   by   the 


io8 

individual  employee.  The  amount  of  the  compensation, 
the  time  that  payment  begins,  and  the  period  for  which 
it  continues,  and  the  employees  who  are  included  in  the 
compensation  differ  in  the  various  states. 

(Lindley  D.  Clark:  "Scope  and  Operation  of  the  Workmen's 
Compensation  Laws  of  the  United  States." — Monthly  Labor  Review, 
Vol.  X,  No.  4,  April,  1920 ;  p.  14) 

Works  Council,  See  Shop  Committee  System, 


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